RECONSTRUCTION AND ITS AFTERMATH 1865 1877 Section 1

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RECONSTRUCTION AND ITS AFTERMATH 1865 -1877

RECONSTRUCTION AND ITS AFTERMATH 1865 -1877

Section 1: Reconstruction Plans

Section 1: Reconstruction Plans

What Now?

What Now?

The Post-war South � Economic life had slowed almost to a halt. � Banks

The Post-war South � Economic life had slowed almost to a halt. � Banks and businesses had closed due to inflation. � The former Confederate states didn’t produce as large a cotton crop as they had in 1860 until 1870, and much of that came from the Southwest.

The 10% Reconstruction Plan � Abraham Lincoln denied that secession was constitutional in the

The 10% Reconstruction Plan � Abraham Lincoln denied that secession was constitutional in the first place, and so reunion was not supposed to be difficult. Basically, there was a big difference between a civil war and a war between different nation-states. � Lincoln wanted a given southern state to be reintegrated once 10% of its 1860 voters swore allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by Emancipation. Then a state government could be elected.

The 50% Reconstruction Plan: 1864 Wade-Davis Bill � The Republicans in Congress feared the

The 50% Reconstruction Plan: 1864 Wade-Davis Bill � The Republicans in Congress feared the return of the same Southern aristocracy and re-enslavement. Instead of Lincoln’s 10% standard, this bill (by Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Representative Henry Winter Davis of Maryland) demanded that at least 50% of a state’s 1860 voters take an oath of allegiance. � Lincoln used a “pocket veto” against the bill (that’s when a president refuses to sign a bill when Congress adjourns). � As a result, Congressional Republicans refused to seat Louisiana delegates after they met Lincoln’s conditions.

Secession: Legality? � Many argued that the Southern states had left the Union when

Secession: Legality? � Many argued that the Southern states had left the Union when they seceded. One could hold to that position on the ideological basis of social contract theory, or one could hold to that position in order to better punish/weaken the post-war South. � Most Republicans agreed with Lincoln (but still wanted reunion on Congress’ terms), but the “Radical Republicans” were a growing minority who favored the above approach; the seceded states were conquered territories and Congress could do what it pleased with them.

Freedmen’s Bureau � On March 3, 1865, Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau to help

Freedmen’s Bureau � On March 3, 1865, Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau to help out the newly freed black slaves (freedmen). They lacked jobs, money, and education. � “Primitive welfare agency” � Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education to freedmen and white refugees. � Taught 200, 000 blacks how to read. � The Bureau was authorized to settle the freed slaves on 40 acre tracts formerly belonging to the Confederates, but a lot of trickery prevented this transition from occurring.

The Lincoln Assassination � April 14, 1865 (Good Friday), 5 days after the Southern

The Lincoln Assassination � April 14, 1865 (Good Friday), 5 days after the Southern surrender � Fanatically pro-Southern actor, John Wilkes Booth, shot Lincoln in the back of the head at Ford’s Theatre. � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=PBLs. OQPu 23 U

The Presidency of Andrew Johnson � Andrew Johnson was a Democrat in Congress from

The Presidency of Andrew Johnson � Andrew Johnson was a Democrat in Congress from Tennessee who refused to secede with his state. He was picked as Lincoln’s Vice President for the 1864 “North only” election because the Union Party needed support from the Northern War Democrats. � When Lincoln was assassinated, he was inaugurated as the new President, finishing the rest of Lincoln’s 1864 -1868 term. � Never attended school, but was an apprentice to a tailor. He taught himself how to read and his wife taught him how to write.

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan � President Johnson agreed with Lincoln that the states had never

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan � President Johnson agreed with Lincoln that the states had never left the Union; he recognized several states on the basis of the 10% plan. � On May 29, 1865, Johnson issued a Reconstruction Proclamation. � Leading Confederates were disenfranchised (couldn’t vote) � Special state conventions would repeal the ordinances of secession & repudiate Confederate debts � Southern states had to ratify the 13 th Amendment

The 13 th Amendment � Congress passed the 13 th Amendment to the U.

The 13 th Amendment � Congress passed the 13 th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution in 1865. It prohibited all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude. � Text: � Amendment XIII. Slavery Prohibited Slavery Forbidden. 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Emancipation � The Thirteenth Amendment immediately took care of slavery in Kentucky, Delaware, and

Emancipation � The Thirteenth Amendment immediately took care of slavery in Kentucky, Delaware, and the rest of the North (where it was already illegal in each state). � The individual states of Missouri, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Maryland took action to end slavery from 1863 -1865. � The Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves in the rest of the Confederacy in 1863, but the 13 th Amendment codified this.

Section 1 Assessment 1) Reconstruction – the reorganization and rebuilding of the former Confederate

Section 1 Assessment 1) Reconstruction – the reorganization and rebuilding of the former Confederate states after the Civil War. Amnesty – the granting of pardon to a large number of persons; protection from prosecution for an illegal act. Radical – extreme. Freedmen – a person freed from slavery.

Section 1 Assessment 2) What did the Thirteenth Amendment provide? - Freedom from slavery

Section 1 Assessment 2) What did the Thirteenth Amendment provide? - Freedom from slavery throughout the United States. 3) Why do you think both Lincoln and the Radical Republicans excluded former Confederate officers from their Reconstruction plans? - They wanted to punish former Confederates as traitors.

Section 1 Assessment 4) Do you think President Johnson’s early ties to the South

Section 1 Assessment 4) Do you think President Johnson’s early ties to the South influenced his treatment of African Americans in his Reconstruction Plans? Explain your answer. - Answers vary, but remember that his attitudes reflected views similar to many Southerners. 5) Re-create the diagram below and compare Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan to the Radical Republicans’ Wade-Davis Bill. Reconstruction Plans Ten Percent Plan Wade-Davis Bill - 10% of voters in a state must pledge loyalty to Union - States must accept constitutions banning slavery - 50% of white males must pledge loyalty to Union - Former Confederates banned from political office - States must accept constitutions banning slavery

Section 1 Assessment 6) Study the painting on page 501. What words would you

Section 1 Assessment 6) Study the painting on page 501. What words would you use to describe the mood of the people? - Sad, dejected, hopeless, gloomy, depressed.

Section 2: Radicals in Control

Section 2: Radicals in Control

Confederate Congressmen? � After meeting President Johnson’s stipulations, Southern voters voted for new representatives.

Confederate Congressmen? � After meeting President Johnson’s stipulations, Southern voters voted for new representatives. This included former Confederates, even their former Vice President, Alexander H. Stephens. � Congress refused to seat the new representatives.

Black Codes � From 1865 -1866, laws passed throughout the South to restrict the

Black Codes � From 1865 -1866, laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners’ criticisms of Andrew Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction policies.

Black Codes � The Black Codes enabled plantation owners to exploit African American workers.

Black Codes � The Black Codes enabled plantation owners to exploit African American workers. � Not literally enslaved, but working conditions and the lack of independence could be very much the same. � Unemployed workers could be arrested and fined and forced to work for whites in order to pay off the fines.

The 1866 Civil Rights Bill/Act � President Johnson vetoed a February 1866 extension of

The 1866 Civil Rights Bill/Act � President Johnson vetoed a February 1866 extension of the Freedmen’s Bureau. � The Republicans responded by passing, in March of 1866, the 1866 Civil Rights Bill. It gave blacks American citizenship and attacked the Black Codes. � President Johnson argued repeatedly that this measure was unconstitutional and then vetoed it.

Override � But Congress did a congressional override in April of 1866; constitutionally, 2/3

Override � But Congress did a congressional override in April of 1866; constitutionally, 2/3 of each house of Congress (a supermajority) can override a presidential veto.

Result � Both the Freedmen’s Bureau Bill and the 1866 Civil Rights Act became

Result � Both the Freedmen’s Bureau Bill and the 1866 Civil Rights Act became law.

The 14 th Amendment � Republicans wanted to push through the substance of the

The 14 th Amendment � Republicans wanted to push through the substance of the 1866 Civil Rights Bill so that if Southerners won back Congress they would be hard-pressed to undo Reconstruction’s progress. � The Republicans proposed an Amendment to the U. S. Constitution in June of 1866 and it was ratified by ¾ of all of the states in the Union by 1868.

The 14 th Amendment � Republicans did not want to allow any state back

The 14 th Amendment � Republicans did not want to allow any state back into the Union which didn’t ratify the 14 th Amendment. � ALL of the Southern states, sans Tennessee, rejected the 14 th Amendment. This was encouraged by President Johnson (the amendment process does not include the president).

Part I � Amendment XIV. Civil Rights for Ex-slaves, etc. 1. Ex-slaves made citizens;

Part I � Amendment XIV. Civil Rights for Ex-slaves, etc. 1. Ex-slaves made citizens; U. S. citizenship primary. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 2. When a state denies citizens the vote, its representation shall e Representatives shall reduced. be the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, basis of representation therein shall be reduced the inproportion citizens hallmale suchwhich of number the

Part II 3. Certain persons who have been in rebellion are ineligible for federal

Part II 3. Certain persons who have been in rebellion are ineligible for federal and state office. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. 4. Debts incurred in aid of rebellion are void. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. 5. Enforcement. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

Midterm Elections of 1866 � President Johnson urged rejection of the 14 th Amendment

Midterm Elections of 1866 � President Johnson urged rejection of the 14 th Amendment and campaigned against Republicans in Congress. � Northerners were offended by his campaign and concerned about race riots. � The Republicans increased their majorities in both houses making Congressional bills veto-proof. Biggest majority in the House by one party, ever.

1 st 1867 Reconstruction Act � On March 2, 1867, Congress passed the Reconstruction

1 st 1867 Reconstruction Act � On March 2, 1867, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act. It divided the South into five military districts commanded by a Union general and garrisoned by 20, 000 soldiers. Tens of thousands of former Confederates were also disenfranchised. � The Southern states also had to amend their state constitutions to give adult male blacks the right to vote.

Why? � Expand the electorate to include those who would *definitely* help the states

Why? � Expand the electorate to include those who would *definitely* help the states get back into the Union and get Congress of the hook for protecting the rights of blacks. � A further element was that providing the vote to former slaves was forced upon the South when Northern states still did not have it (prior to the 15 th Amendment).

2 nd 1867 Reconstruction Act � A second act was passed that required the

2 nd 1867 Reconstruction Act � A second act was passed that required the military commanders of the military districts to: � Begin registering voters � Prepare for new state constitutional conventions

Johnson’s Impeachment � In 1867, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act. When Johnson

Johnson’s Impeachment � In 1867, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act. When Johnson vetoed it, Congress managed to get 2/3 of each house to override his veto. � The law required the president to get Congressional approval for the removal of appointees just as the president already had to get Congressional approval when they were appointed in the first place. It gave Congress more oversight authority.

Johnson dismissed Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton in 1868. The House of Representatives

Johnson dismissed Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton in 1868. The House of Representatives responded by voting 126 to 47 to impeach Johnson, making him the first president ever to be impeached (the second and last one to be impeached was President Bill Clinton in 1998).

The Senate Trial � Johnson’s defense was based on the idea that he violated

The Senate Trial � Johnson’s defense was based on the idea that he violated the 1867 Tenure of Office Act in order to force a showdown before the Supreme Court, which he thought would declare the law unconstitutional. � On May 16, 1868, the Senate missed a 2/3 majority necessary for conviction by just one vote; 7 Republicans voted “not guilty. ” Johnson remained president rather than being kicked out of office.

Results � � House: Guilty (Impeachment) Senate: Not Guilty (No Conviction) � Politics, which

Results � � House: Guilty (Impeachment) Senate: Not Guilty (No Conviction) � Politics, which caused the conditions that led to the cause of the impeachment proceedings in the first place, played a role in derailing the efforts at conviction. � Senators who avoided a “guilty” vote didn’t want to be too heavy-handed, didn’t want president pro tempore Benjamin Wade to become president, and perhaps most important of all: Johnson implicitly promised to stop obstructing Republican policies.

Johnson’s Vindication � Fifty-eight years later, in 1926, the Supreme Court ruled in Myers

Johnson’s Vindication � Fifty-eight years later, in 1926, the Supreme Court ruled in Myers v. United States that a law similar to the 1867 Tenure of Office Act unconstitutional. � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=0 VMg 9 C 1 z Gu. Y

The 15 th Amendment � Congress passed the 15 th Amendment to codify the

The 15 th Amendment � Congress passed the 15 th Amendment to codify the Reconstruction Act; specifically, the right of black males to vote. � Text: � Amendment XV. Suffrage 1. The right of citizens of for Blacks. the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

The Civil War Amendments � The 1865 13 th Amendment constitutionalized the principles of

The Civil War Amendments � The 1865 13 th Amendment constitutionalized the principles of the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation. � The 1866 -68 14 th Amendment constitutionalized the principles of the 1866 Civil Rights Bill. � The 1869 -70 15 th Amendment constitutionalized the principles of the 1867 Reconstruction Act

The Civil War Amendments These three amendments are worth noting… Freedom, Citizenship, and finally,

The Civil War Amendments These three amendments are worth noting… Freedom, Citizenship, and finally, Voting

Women's Rights � The three Reconstruction-era Amendments were a disappointment to advocates of women’s

Women's Rights � The three Reconstruction-era Amendments were a disappointment to advocates of women’s rights. They would have to wait over 50 more years for the 19 th Amendment. � The Women’s Loyal League had gathered nearly 400, 000 signatures on petitions asking Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery.

Union League � Reconstruction-era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about

Union League � Reconstruction-era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers. � It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation.

The Presidential Election of 1868 � Ulysses S. Grant “waving the bloody shirt” which

The Presidential Election of 1868 � Ulysses S. Grant “waving the bloody shirt” which involved reviving memories of the bloody fighting during the Civil War in order to elicit sympathy and thus garner political support. � The Democrats nominated former New York Governor Horatio Seymour, who supported redemption of Civil War bonds in greenbacks.

Racism in the Election

Racism in the Election

Election Results Candidate Popular Vote Percentage of Popular Vote Electoral Vote Grant (Republican) 3,

Election Results Candidate Popular Vote Percentage of Popular Vote Electoral Vote Grant (Republican) 3, 013, 421 52. 7% 214 Seymour (Democrat) 2, 706, 829 47. 3% 80

Ex parte Milligan (1866) � The Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals could not

Ex parte Milligan (1866) � The Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians, even during wartime, in areas where the civil courts were open. � But the Court refrained from applying this to Congress’ Reconstruction efforts.

Texas v. White (1869) � In 1869, the Supreme Court argued in Texas v.

Texas v. White (1869) � In 1869, the Supreme Court argued in Texas v. White that secession was inherently unconstitutional, and the pre. Civil War efforts on the part of the Southern States to secede were “absolutely null. ” � The Chief Justice was Salmon P. Chase, a member of Abraham Lincoln’s cabinet. He argued that the Articles of Confederation created a “perpetual” union which was intensified by the U. S. Constitution. He reasoned that the Union must have been indissoluble because the Constitution was created to “form a more perfect union. ”

Section 2 Assessment 1) Black codes – laws passed in the South just after

Section 2 Assessment 1) Black codes – laws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers. Override – to overturn or defeat, as a bill proposed to Congress. Impeach – to formally charge a public official with misconduct in office.

Section 2 Assessment 2) Discuss two ways Southerners violated Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction. -

Section 2 Assessment 2) Discuss two ways Southerners violated Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction. - Former Confederate officials were chosen for congressional representatives, and treatment of African Americans did not improve. 3) How did Congress challenge the black codes set up by Southern states? - It granted power to the Freedmen’s Bureau to prosecute those who violated rights of African Americans; passed Civil Rights Act of 1866.

Section 2 Assessment 4) Of you had been a member of the Senate, would

Section 2 Assessment 4) Of you had been a member of the Senate, would you have voted for or against convicting President Johnson. Why? - Answers vary. 5) Re-create the diagram below and answer the questions about these amendments. Date ratified Impact on life Fourteenth Amendment July 1868 Most African Americans became full United States citizens. Fifteenth Amendment February 1870 Any male citizen could not be denied the right to vote.

Section 2 Assessment 6) Examine the map that appears on p. 507; then answer

Section 2 Assessment 6) Examine the map that appears on p. 507; then answer these questions. What are the geographic divisions of the South shown on the map? - The five Southern districts controlled by the military during Reconstruction. What military district was composed of only one state? - Virginia Which states made up the Third District? - Florida, Georgia, Alabama

Section 3: The South During Reconstruction

Section 3: The South During Reconstruction

Southern Republicans � Support for the Republican Party in the South came from 3

Southern Republicans � Support for the Republican Party in the South came from 3 main groups: � African Americans � White Southerners who supported Republican policies � White settlers from the North

African Americans in Government � Between 1869 -1880… � 16 African Americans served in

African Americans in Government � Between 1869 -1880… � 16 African Americans served in the House of Representatives � 2 African Americans served in the Senate The two senators were: Hiram Revels – ordained minister, former African American regiment chaplain Blanche K. Bruce – former runaway slave, later superintendent of schools

Scalawags and Carpetbaggers � Scalawags were pro-Union Southerners, often former Unionists and Whigs, whom

Scalawags and Carpetbaggers � Scalawags were pro-Union Southerners, often former Unionists and Whigs, whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War. � Carpetbaggers were Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure.

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) � Founded in 1866 in Tennessee, this “Invisible Empire

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) � Founded in 1866 in Tennessee, this “Invisible Empire of the South” dressed in white bedsheets would harass black citizens. Fear and violence were utilized against both blacks and whites. � In response to the KKK, Congress passed the Enforcement/Force Acts of 1870 and 1871, sending in federal troops to stamp out the KKK. � There were technically three acts: The Enforcement Act of 1870 (Section 18 reenacted the 1866 Civil Rights Act � The Enforcement Act of 1871 � The KKK Act of 1871 �

Educational Improvements

Educational Improvements

Sharecropping � Both blacks and poor whites had to resort to “sharecropping. ” The

Sharecropping � Both blacks and poor whites had to resort to “sharecropping. ” The most basic element is that wealthy landowners would hire workers to work their land provide the owners with the vast majority of the crop; in return, the owners would give a vastly smaller amount to the workers. � Since many former slaves had no choice but to opt for this job, it left them in a similar condition of dependency to their previous slave status.

Section 3 Assessment 1) scalawags – name given by former Confederates to Southern whites

Section 3 Assessment 1) scalawags – name given by former Confederates to Southern whites who supported Republican Reconstruction of the South. carpetbaggers – name given to Northern whites who moved South after the Civil War and supported the Republicans. corruption – dishonest or illegal actions. integrate - to end separation of different races ad bring into equal membership in society sharecropping - System of farming in which a farmer works land for an owner who provides equipment and seeds and receives a share of the crop.

Section 3 Assessment 2) How did Southerners try to maintain control over freed people?

Section 3 Assessment 2) How did Southerners try to maintain control over freed people? - Some told freed slaves they could not leave their plantations; many refused to rent land or given them work; stores refused credit to African Americans; some whites resorted to violence and intimidation. 3) How did the state governments under Reconstruction reform education? - They created public school systems for both races.

Section 3 Assessment 4) Why was voting and owning land so important to newly

Section 3 Assessment 4) Why was voting and owning land so important to newly freed African Americans? - Voting gave them a voice in government and made them fully participating citizens; owning land gave them economic independence. 5) Re-create the diagram below and identify the three groups that made up the Southern Republican Party 1) African Americans 2) white Southerners who supported Republican policies 3) white settlers from the North

Section 4: Change in the South

Section 4: Change in the South

Redeemers � Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in

Redeemers � Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction. � They formed a white political coalition and eventually retook control over the Southern States.

Southern Reconstruction State Readmitted to Representation in Congress Home Rule (Democratic or “Redeemer” Regime)

Southern Reconstruction State Readmitted to Representation in Congress Home Rule (Democratic or “Redeemer” Regime) Reestablished Comments Tennessee 7/24/66 N/A Arkansas 6/22/68 1874 North Carolina 6/25/68 1870 Alabama 6/25/68 1874 Florida 6/25/68 1877 Federal troops restationed in 1877, as result of Hayes. Tilden electoral bargain Louisiana 6/25/68 1877 Same as Florida South Carolina 6/25/68 1877 Same as Florida Virginia 1/26/70 1869 Mississippi 2/23/70 1876 Texas 3/30/70 1874 6/25/68, 7/15/70 1872 Georgia Ratified 14 th Amendment in 1866 and hence avoided military Reconstruction Readmitted in ’ 68, returned to military control after expulsion of blacks from legislature

The Purchase of Alaska � � � In 1867 Secretary of State William Seward

The Purchase of Alaska � � � In 1867 Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7. 2 million. Alaska had become a strategic and economic liability for Russia; they didn’t want Britain taking it over, and it wasn’t bringing in enough for them economically. Many Americans mocked the purchase, dubbing it “Seward’s Folly, ” “Seward’s Icebox, ” “Frigidia, ” and “Walrussia. ”

The Liberal Republicans � In May of 1872, Republicans who opposed Grant’s reelection gathered

The Liberal Republicans � In May of 1872, Republicans who opposed Grant’s reelection gathered in Cincinnati and selected Horace Greeley, the publisher of the New York Tribune (he would also be nominated by the Democratic Party!). � They opposed the corruption that they believed had been ushered in by the Radical Republicans and the Grant administration. � The next Republican exodus would occur in 1884 with the Mugwumps.

The Presidential Election of 1872 � Ulysses S. Grant. � Horace Greeley.

The Presidential Election of 1872 � Ulysses S. Grant. � Horace Greeley.

Election Results Candidate Popular Vote Percentage of Popular Vote Electoral Vote Grant (Republican) 3,

Election Results Candidate Popular Vote Percentage of Popular Vote Electoral Vote Grant (Republican) 3, 598, 235 55. 6% 286 Greeley (Liberal Republican/Dem ocrat) 2, 834, 761 43. 8% 66 Hendricks (Democrat) 42 Brown (Liberal Republican/Dem ocrat) 18 Jenkins (Democrat) 2 Davis (Liberal Republican) 1 O’Conor (Bourbon Republican) 18, 602 0. 3% 0

The Panic of 1873 � From 1863 to 1873, the U. S. added 33,

The Panic of 1873 � From 1863 to 1873, the U. S. added 33, 000 miles of railroads. The railroad industry was one of the nation’s largest employers. � Historians point to many causes, but the main ones are widespread inflation, a trade deficit, speculative railroad investments, etc. � It initiated the original “Great Depression” (known as such until the 1930 s) from 1873 until 1879.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 � On March 1, 1875, President Grant signed

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 � On March 1, 1875, President Grant signed into law a bill from Congress known as the Civil Rights Act. � This bill outlawed racial discrimination in public accommodations and public transportation (e. g. hotels, trains, etc. ). � This was the last Civil Rights initiative on the part of the federal government until many decades later with the 1957 Civil Rights Act.

Jim Crow � The Institutionalization of the Black Codes � At first, discrimination against

Jim Crow � The Institutionalization of the Black Codes � At first, discrimination against blacks was more de facto than de jure, happening informally. � Southern states instituted literacy requirements, voter-registration laws, and poll taxes – all designed to inhibit the black vote.

New State: Colorado � 8/1/76

New State: Colorado � 8/1/76

The Presidential Election of 1876 (The Disputed Election) � Rutherford B. Hayes was obscure

The Presidential Election of 1876 (The Disputed Election) � Rutherford B. Hayes was obscure enough to be popularly labelled as “The Great Unknown. ” He was chosen because he had been the three -term governor of Ohio was a key swing state based on its electoral vote count. “Some are born great, Some achieve greatness, And some are born in Ohio. ” � Samuel J. Tilden was the governor of New York and Bourbon Democrat. He supported reform, particularly against Tammany Hall.

Election Results Candidate Popular Vote Percentage of Popular Vote Electoral Vote Hayes (Republican) 4,

Election Results Candidate Popular Vote Percentage of Popular Vote Electoral Vote Hayes (Republican) 4, 034, 311 48. 0% 185 (50%) Tilden (Democrat) 4, 288, 546 51. 0% 184 (50%) Cooper (Greenback) 83, 726 0. 1% 0 Smith (Prohibition) 6, 945 0. 1% 0 Walker (American National Party) 463 0. 1% 0 The States of South Carolina (7 electoral votes), Louisiana (8 electoral votes), and Florida (4 electoral votes) were contested. 19 electoral votes were contested in those states, and a 20 th was contested in the state of Oregon (3 electoral votes).

Electoral Map

Electoral Map

Disputed Returns � The Constitution had only provided for electoral returns of the states

Disputed Returns � The Constitution had only provided for electoral returns of the states being sent to Congress, opened by the President of the Senate in the presence of both Houses. It did not specify who should do the actual counting. � Since each of the “disputed” states submitted two sets of electoral vote returns, who won the election depended greatly on who did the counting. If the President of the Senate counted, Hayes would win. If the Speaker of the House counted, Tilden would win.

The 1877 Electoral Count Act � � In order to give the nation a

The 1877 Electoral Count Act � � In order to give the nation a new president by Inauguration Day (March 4, 1877), Congress passed the 1877 Electoral Count Act. This act created a special commission of 15 men from the House, Senate, and Supreme Court. Members Republicans Democrats House 3 2 Senate 2 3 Supreme Court 3 2 Total 8 7 The Commission met in February and went through the states’ returns alphabetically. Upon reaching the first of the disputed states, Florida, it decided to accept the Republican returns, almost causing the Democrats in the Senate to filibuster “until hell froze over. ”

The Compromise of 1877 � The Republicans and the Democrats made an informal deal

The Compromise of 1877 � The Republicans and the Democrats made an informal deal in an effort to end the stalemate, concluded on March 1, 1877 (three days before Inauguration Day): � The Republicans received all of the 20 disputed electoral votes. The Republican, Hayes, became President. � The Democrats received a Republican guarantee that federal troops would be removed from the South. � The Democrats received an assurance that the president would help them out via patronage. � The Democrats also receive a promise (never fulfilled) of a bill subsidizing a Southern transcontinental railroad (Texas and Pacific) by the Pacific Railroad Company.

Legal Challenges to the 14 th and 15 th Amendments � The Slaughterhouse Cases

Legal Challenges to the 14 th and 15 th Amendments � The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) – The Supreme Court offered a narrow definition of the 14 th Amendment, distinguishing between national and state citizenship. States had primary authority over citizens’ rights. It protected rights of U. S. , not state citizenship (e. g. the right to travel between states). � Bradwell v. Illinois (1873) – Myra Bradwell, a female attorney, was denied the right to practice law in Illinois. She tried to argue that the state had violated the 14 th amendment via the “privileges and immunities” clause. The Court rejected her claim, appealing to women’s traditional role in the home.

Legal Challenges to the 14 th and 15 th Amendments � U. S. v.

Legal Challenges to the 14 th and 15 th Amendments � U. S. v. Reese, et. al (1876) – Congress’ power to enforce the 1871 KKK Act was restricted. The court ruled that the state, not the federal government, could confer voting rights on individuals. 15 th Amendment listed impermissible reasons for denying the right to vote, but didn’t guarantee a right to vote. � U. S. v. Cruickshank (1876) – Louisiana white supremacists were accused of attacking blacks under the 1870 Enforcement Acts. The Court ruled that the 14 th Amendment extended federal power to protect civil rights only when the issue at hand was state discrimination, not individual or group discrimination. � Civil Rights Cases (1883) – The Court ruled, again, that the 14 th Amendment allowed Congress to outlaw state discrimination, not discrimination by private individuals or groups. The Court remarked that blacks must no longer “be the special favorites of the laws. ”

Section 4 Assessment 1) reconciliation – settling by agreement or coming together again. commission

Section 4 Assessment 1) reconciliation – settling by agreement or coming together again. commission – a group of persons directed to perform some duty. cash crop – farm crop raised to be sold for money. poll tax - a tax of a fixed amount person that had to be paid before the person could vote.

Section 4 Assessment literacy test - System of farming in which a farmer works

Section 4 Assessment literacy test - System of farming in which a farmer works land for an owner who provides equipment and seeds and receives a share of the crop. grandfather clause - a clause that allowed individuals who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction began; an exception to a law based on preexisting circumstances. segregation - the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group. lynching - putting to death a person by the illegal action of a mob.

Section 4 Assessment 2) Why was the presidential election of 1876 controversial? - The

Section 4 Assessment 2) Why was the presidential election of 1876 controversial? - The returns from three states were disputed, which left the electoral count in doubt months after the election. The decision of a 15 -member commission set up to settle the dispute was considered partisan. 3) In what industries did the South make great gains after Reconstruction? -Textiles, lumbering, tobacco processing, iron, steel.

Section 4 Assessment 4) Explain how the Amnesty Act helped the Democratic Party regain

Section 4 Assessment 4) Explain how the Amnesty Act helped the Democratic Party regain its strength. - It allowed nearly all white southerners to vote and hold office again; Southern Democrats gradually began to regain control of the state governments. 5) Re-create the diagram below and describe how the poll tax and literacy tests restricted voting rights. Poll tax: because many African Americans and poor whites could not afford the tax, they could not vote. Literacy tests: because most African Americans had little education and could not read, these tests kept them from voting.

Section 4 Assessment 6) Study the election map on page 515. Which candidate received

Section 4 Assessment 6) Study the election map on page 515. Which candidate received the greater number of popular votes? Who won the election? - Tilden - Hayes