Reconstruction Its Aftermath 1865 1896 Reconstruction Plans Chapter

Reconstruction & Its Aftermath 1865 - 1896

Reconstruction Plans Chapter 17 – Section 1

Reconstruction Debate Although the Union was saved, the nation shook in its roots There were many difficult questions to answer: Should the slaveholding Southerners be punished or forgiven? What rights should be granted to the free African Americans? How could the nation be brought back together?

Reconstruction Debate Most of the fighting took place in the south therefore towns, cities, plantations, roads, bridges, and railroads had been destroyed More than 258, 000 Confederate soldiers had died while families had to rebuild their lives with very few resources Everyone agreed that these problems needed to be fixed but they could not agree on how to fix it This was known as the period of Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Plan December 1863 he announced the 10 Percent Plan 10% of voters of a state took an oath of loyalty to the Union, the state could form a new government and adopt a new constitution (banning slavery) Punishing the south would serve no useful purpose and only delay the healing process He also offered amnesty – a pardon – to all white southerners, except Confederate leaders, who swore loyalty to the Union He also supported granting the right to vote to A. A. that were educated or had served in the Union army However did not force southerners to give these “white” rights to A. A.

Rival Plan One group of Republicans in Congress considered the Lincoln Plan to be too mild; not harsh enough They said: Congress should control the Reconstruction policy, not the president They held a radical (extreme) viewpoint and were known as Radical Republicans A leading figure of that party was Thaddeus Stevens

Wade-Davis Bill This was much harsher than Lincoln’s Plan A majority of white males in a state had to swear loyalty to the Union A state constitutional convention could be held but only white males who had never taken up arms against the Union could vote for delegates to this convention The convention had to adopt a new state constitution that abolished slavery

Freedmen’s Bureau This was the other issue of Reconstruction – helping African Americans freed from slavery The Freedmen’s Bureau was created and helped distribute food and clothing, and provide medical services It also established schools and gave aid to new A. A institutions of higher learning They also helped people acquire land, offered free transportation, and helped obtain fair wages

The Assassination… • Night of April 14, 1864 President and Mrs. Lincoln attended the play “Our American Cousin” at Ford’s Theater in Washington D. C. • This was only 5 days after the surrender of Lee’s army • John Wilkes Booth (an actor and Confederate sympathizer) enters the box without anyone seeing him

The Assassination… • Wilkes Booth shoots the president in the back of the head • He the leaped to the stage and escaped during the chaos that unfolded • Lincoln was carried to a nearby house but died a few hours later

The Assassination… • Booth fled on horseback to Virginia as he was being tracked by Union troops • April 26: the troops cornered Booth in a barn near Port Royal, Virginia • He refused to surrender and was shot to death

New President • Vice President Andrew Johnson took the post after Lincoln’s death • He also revealed his own plan for Reconstruction • He resented the slaveholders and wished to punish them • Radical Republicans thought he’d create a very harsh plan which they could accept • Johnson believes giving the states control over many decisions and he had no desire to help the African Americans

“Restoration” He preferred to call the Reconstruction, a period of Restoration Under this plan: most southerners would be granted amnesty once they swore an oath of loyalty to the Union High-ranking Confederate officials and wealthy landowners could be pardoned He appointed governors to southern states and required them to hold elections for state constitutional conventions Only whites who had sworn loyalty and pardoned could be allowed to vote He opposed granting all freed A. A equal rights or letting them vote “white men alone should manage the south”

The th 13 Amendment Before states could reenter the Union they had to denounce slavery at their constitutional conventions They had to ratify the 13 th Amendment End of 1865: all former Confederate states except Texas had formed new governments and were ready to rejoin the Union “Restoration” was almost complete

Radicals in Control Chapter 17 – Section 2

Southerners in Congress Southerners made their way to Congress as they sent their representatives there When they got to Washington DC many Republicans refused to seat them or acknowledge them They believed that these southerners had been let off loosely by President Johnson

Black Codes Between 1865 & 1866: new Southern states passed a series of laws called the black codes They were aimed to control freed men and women and to enable plantation owners to exploit African American workers These laws were terrible; they arrested and fined any A. A who was unemployed Then forced him/her to work to pay off their fines

Black Codes In other cases A. A were banned from owning or renting farms Whites were allowed to take orphaned A. A children as unpaid apprentices These Black Codes were reestablished slavery in disguise

Challenging Black Codes 1866: the Freedmen’s Bureau was granted more power to set up special courts to prosecute individuals charged with violating A. A rights A. A were provided with a form of justice where they could serve on juries

Civil Rights Act of 1866 It granted full citizenship to A. A and gave the federal government the power to intervene in state affairs to protect their rights It overturned Black Codes and also contradicted the Dred Scott decision

Johnson’s Reaction Johnson vetoed both bills because he felt the federal government was overstepping its boundaries He also said that they were unconstitutional because they were passed by a Congress who did not include representatives from all the states

Republican’s Reaction They enough votes to override (defeat) both vetoes set by Johnson The bills became law It also split Congress and the President possibly threatening the relationship in the future

th 14 Amendment In 1866: Congress passed a new amendment to make sure no one took the rights of A. A The 14 th Amendment granted full citizenship to all individuals born in the US It also stated that no state could take away a citizen’s life, liberty and property “without due process” Everyone is entitled to “equal protection of the laws” Whoever refused to follow would lose their representatives in Congress

Interpretation of the Amendment It did not include Natives Americans and it wouldn’t until 1924 It barred former Confederates from holding national or state office unless they were pardoned To be readmitted to the Union the states had to ratify the amendment Tennessee was the first and only to ratify until 1866

Johnson’s Reaction to Am. Johnson reaction harshly towards the 14 th Amendment He campaigned vigorously against Republican candidates He even urged all the state legislatures to reject it

Republican Victory People were worried what effects this would have between the races There was fear that clashes would erupt such as in Memphis, TE & New Orleans, LA Eventually the Republicans gained control of the governments in every northern state This gave Congress the signal to take Reconstruction into its own hands

Radical Reconstruction Act of 1867 called for the creation of new governments in the 10 southern states that did not ratify the 14 th Am. These 10 states were divided into 5 districts and placed under military authority It guaranteed A. A males the right to vote in state elections and prevented former Confederate leaders from holding political office

Radical Reconstruction The Second Reconstruction Act was passed a few weeks later and required the military commanders to being registering voters and to prepare for new state constitutional conventions This was introduced to get southern states to regain admission into the Union

Readmission of States 1868: seven states were readmitted Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina 1870: Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas were readmitted

Challenging Johnson Congress had passed several laws to limit the powers of the president to prevent him from redirecting the military during their occupation of southern states Tenure of Office Act prohibited the president from removing government officials, including members of his own cabinet, without the Senate’s approval

Impeachment Conflict became worse 1867: while Congress wasn’t in session, Johnson suspended Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without the Senate’s approval The Senate came back and refused to obey Johnson’s decision, so he removes Stanton from office anyway This violated the Tenure of Office Act

Impeachment The House of Representatives were outraged so they voted to impeach – formally charge with wrongdoing – the president They accused him of misconduct The trial began in March 1868 and lasted almost 3 months

The Case Johnson’s defenders claimed that the president was exercising his right to challenge laws They also argued that the impeachment was politically motivated and contrary to the spirit of the Constitution His accusers said that Congress should retain the supreme power to make the laws

Verdict Senators casted 2 votes and in both cases the result was 35 to 19 to convict the president This was 1 vote short of 2/3 of the majority required to convict the president Other Republicans casted a no vote because they believed a president should be removed from office

Election of 1868 Republicans abandoned Johnson and chose General Ulysses S. Grant as their presidential candidate Democrats chose Horatio Seymour of New York Grant won with 214 of the 294 votes

th 15 Amendment This was the last and major piece of Reconstruction February 1869: Congress passed the 15 th Amendment It prohibited the state and federal governments from denying the right to vote to any male citizen because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

The South During Reconstruction Chapter 17 – Section 3

New Groups Support for the Republican Part came from: African Americans White Southerners White Settlers from the North

African Americans They played in important role as voters and elected officials They did not control the government of any state but held important positions At least 16 A. A served in the H. o. R and 2 in the Senate

Hiram Revels • Senator and ordained minister • He recruited A. A during the Civil War • Started a school for freed A. A in St. Louis • Served as chaplain of an A. A regiment in Mississippi • Served a year in the Senate and declared that he received “fair treatment”

Blanche K. Bruce • Senator from Mississippi and former runaway slave • Taught in a school for A. A in Missouri • Entered politics and became a superintendent of schools • Elected to the Senate and served for 6 years

Scalawags These were southern whites who supported Republicans They were nonslaveholding farmers or business leaders who opposed secession They were called scalawags by Confederates It means “scoundrel” or “worthless rascal”

Carpetbaggers These were northern whites who moved to the south after the war They supporter Republicans and served as leaders during the Reconstruction They were called carpetbaggers because when they moved they brought everything (all of their belongings) with them in cheap suitcases made of carpet fabris

Carpetbaggers Most were greedy but some were not Most were former Union army soldiers or members of the Freedmen’s Bureau Others were reformers from the north such as lawyers, doctors, teachers

Corruption Many southerners accused Reconstruction leaders as being corrupt – dishonest or illegal in action Some official made money illegally but this practice was not widespread Interestingly, there were less corrupt leaders in the south than in the north

Resistance to Reconstruction Most southern whites opposed these efforts Plantation owners tried to maintain control over freed people in away Most whites refused to rent land to A. A Store owners refused them credit Employers refused to hire them Some whites used fear to keep freedmen in line

Ku Klux Klan • Much violence against A. A were carried out by secret societies organized to prevent freed men from exercising their rights • The KKK was the most terrifying group who wore white sheets and hoods • Their members launched “midnight rides” burning homes, churches, and schools • They murdered more than 150 people over a 3 year period

Action Against Violence Those against violence appealed to the government to do something about it Congress passed laws to try to stop the growing violence However most white southerners refused to testify against those who attacked A. A

Improvements Education improved for both A. A and whites A. A saw education as a step to a better life and in many regions they created their own schools Northern women and free A. A came to teach in the south More than half the teachers in these schools in 1870 were A. A There were 4, 000 schools with 200, 000 students

Public Schools 1870: Reconstruction governments began creating public school systems for both races which did not exist in the south before More than 50% of white children and about 40% of A. A children in the south were enrolled in public schools Missionary societies established academies such as Morehouse College & Atlanta University Schools were starting to be integrated – include both races

Farming the Land Most free people wanted land along with education Some were able to buy land because of the Freedman’s Bank But the most common form of farmwork was through sharecropping This was a system where a landowner rented a plot of land to a sharecropper (farmer) along with some seeds, tools, and maybe a mule In return the sharecropper shared a percentage of their crop with their landowner

Sharecropping After paying the landowners, the sharecroppers had very little to sell Sometimes there was barely enough to feed their families But for many sharecropping was still better than slavery

Change in the South Chapter 17 – Section 4

Reconstruction Declines During the Grand administration, northerners began losing interest in Reconstruction They felt that it was time for the south to solve its own problems Southern Democrats were regaining control in the south Even freed people went back to work for landowners because they had no other way of making a living

Reasons for Decline of Reconstruction Radical leaders began to disappear Racial prejudice was exploited in the north by opponents of Reconstruction Fate of the freed should be in the south Southern protest of the “bayonet rule” – the use of federal troops to support Reconstruction governments

Republican Revolt 1870 s: reports of corruption in Grant’s administration The Republicans split the party over corruption Another group of them broke over Reconstruction They proposed reconciliation – coming together again These 2 groups who split called themselves Liberal Republicans and they nominated Horace Greeley for president in the election o f 1872

Amnesty Act May 1872: Congress passed the Amnesty Act which pardoned most former Confederates Now nearly all white southerners could vote and hold office again This changed the political balance in the south

Democrats Regain Power In states where whites were the clear majority, the Democrats quickly gained control of the state government In states where A. A were the majority or the population was equal, the KKK helped the Democrats gain control They did it by terrorizing any opponents

Democrats Regain Power Democrats used threats to pressure Republicans to become Democrats They also used violence to pressure A. A to not vote By 1876: Republicans were only able to hold a majority in 3 southern states Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana

Republican Issues Republicans had other problems they could not blame on Democrats There were reports of corruption, officials making unfair business deals, scheming to withhold public tax money, accepting bribes, etc. It damaged the Grant administration and the Republicans The nation was also going through an economic depression which was blamed on the Republicans

End of Reconstruction Grant considered running for a 3 rd term but most Republicans wanted a new candidate Someone who could win back the Liberal Republicans and unite the party

Election of 1876 • Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes • He was governor of Ohio • A champion of political reform • Had a reputation for honesty and held moderate views on Reconstruction

Election of 1876 • Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden • He gained national fame for fighting political corruption in NYC

Election of 1876 It seemed that Tilden would win the election Except for that some states votes were disputed These 20 electoral votes from Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Oregon were all that Tilden needed to win the election

Election of 1876 Congress creates a commission (group) of 7 Republicans and 7 Democrats and 1 independent to review the election results The independent resigned, so a Republican took his place After review, the commission voted that Hayes was the new president

Reaction to Election Democrats were angry and threatened to fight the verdict Republicans and southern Democrats tried to work out an agreement March 2, 1877: Congress confirmed that the winner would be Hayes

Compromise of 1877 This compromise included favors for the south Give more aid to the south Withdraw all remaining troops from the south Democrats promised to maintain A. A rights Hayes went on to say that the south needed honest men to self-govern the region His stance was that the federal government would no longer interfere or reshape southern society or help southern A. A

A New Ruling Party When Reconstruction ended in the south, the shift in power went from the Republicans to the Democrats in the south: large landowners that held power before the War Redeemers were a group of Democrats who were merchants, bankers, industrialists, and other business leaders who wanted to save the south from Republican rule

Redeemers • They adopted conservative policies such as: • Lower taxes • Less public spending • Reduced government services • The cut many social services including public education

Rise of the “New South” • Southerners were convinced that the reason they lost the war was because their industry and manufacturing did not math the north’s • Henry Grady headed a group that urged southerners to “out. Yankee the Yankees” & build a “New South” • They would have industries based on coal, iron, tobacco, cotton, lumber, etc.

Southern Industries Some of the strongest advances were in the textile industry, in lumbering, and in tobacco processing James Duke’s American Tobacco Company controlled almost all tobacco manufacturing in the nation William Kelly & Henry Bessemer helped push the iron and steel industry as well By 1890: the south produced nearly 20% of the nation’s iron and steel

Factors in Growth Workers in the south worked long hours for low wages, sometimes with their entire families in the factories Rail-road building boomed as it was being rebuilt after the war African Americans got fewer opportunities in industry except in the lowest-paying jobs

Rural Economy Debt caused a lot of problems where poor families had to buy the things they needed on credit Cash Crops – crops that could be sold for money This was the quickest way to make money and selling cotton brought the biggest profit

Dividing Society African Americans continued to dream for justice but that all faded away Racism became entrenched in southern life Individuals took steps on their own to keep African Americans separated from whites and deny them basic rights

Voting Restrictions 15 th Amendment prevented anyone from being denied the right to vote because of race Southerners found loopholes around this however

Poll Tax • This was a fee that people had to pay before voting • Many A. A could not afford this tax so they could not vote • Evidently it also prevented poor white families from voting too

Literacy Test • A person had to read and explain difficult parts of state constitutions or the federal Constitution • Most A. A had very little education therefore they, too, were prevented from voting • However this also kept some whites from voting

Grandfather Clause • This allowed individuals who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction • A. A could not vote until 1867, therefore they were excluded

Jim Crow Laws • Segregation (separation of the races) was also prominent in the southern culture • The Jim Crow laws required A. A and whites to be separated in almost every public place where they might come in contact with each other

Plessy vs Ferguson This was a case which involved a Louisiana law that required the separation of whites and A. A on trains Homer Plessy challenged the law by sitting in the whites only section of the train He lost the case in the Supreme Court which ruled that it was legal as long as AA had access to facilities or accommodations equal to those of whites

Problem w/ Separate but Equal Facilities were separate but in no way were they equal Southern states spent much more money on white only facilities than those for AA

Violence Against AA • Lynching was prominent in the south • Angry mobs killed AA by hanging them because they were suspected of committing crimes or because they did not behave as whites thought they should

Impact of Reconstruction Success Failure Helped the south recover form the war Still had a poor rural economy Began rebuilding the southern economy It did not make good on the promise of true freedom for freed AA gained greater equality and joined with whites in new governments Segregated society