Reconstruction Reconstruction opener 1What does the prefix RE

Reconstruction

Reconstruction opener 1)What does the prefix RE mean? 2) What does CONSTRUCTION mean? 3) What does Reconstruction then mean? 4) Based on the previous unit, list things that would need to be Reconstructed.

Reconstruction Issues • With your group, look over the documents • Knowing what a CIVIL WAR is, and knowing our country needed to be RE-CONSTRUCTED, use the documents to create a list of ISSUES our country would face in coming back together quickly • Use at least FOUR documents in creating your list • Rank them in order from the HARDEST to overcome to EASIEST (1= most difficult issue)

CIVIL WAR REVIEW

Union (Out of 30 million) Total dead: 359, 500 Wounded: 275, 200 Confederate (Out of 6 million) Total dead: 258, 000 Wounded: 137, 000+

Deaths in American Wars War Deaths Revolutionary War 4, 435 War of 1812 2, 260 Mexican 13, 283 Civil War 623, 026 Spanish. American 2, 446 World War I 116, 516 World War II 406, 742 Korea 54, 246 Vietnam 57, 939

A severe facial wound suffered in the Civil War. How Many Casualties in the Civil War? For both sides in the Civil War, 471, 427 can be considered as a minimum number of those wounded. When added to the estimate of 623, 026 deaths, the total estimate of Civil War casualties is 1, 094, 453.

Civil War Troops 1862 1863 1864 1865 Total Forces Union Confederacy 527, 204 698, 808 611, 250 620, 924 209, 852 253, 208 233, 586 154, 910 1, 556, 678 1, 082, 119

Infrastructure Destroyed a. 90% of bridges destroyed b. Miles of Railroads Destroyed

Cost of U. S. Wars American Revolution Wartime Costs Veterans' Benefits Interest Payments (in millions) $100 -140 $28 $20 $87 $82 $20 $26 $14 $10 $2, 300 $3, 289 $1, 200 $270 $2, 111 $60 World War I $23, 700 $13, 856 $11, 100 World War II $260, 000 $65, 231 $200, 000 Korea $50, 000 $11, 391 Vietnam $140, 600 $13, 173 War of 1812 Mexican War Civil War (Union only) Spanish-American

1. Can Slavery Expand? ? -Lincoln NO!!!! -South YES!!! 2. South Good Early (Better Generals & Morale) 3. North has more factories, railroads and men 4. North Turns Tide: General Grant & Sherman -Grant throws men and material at Lee over & over -Sherman cuts south in half with March to Sea 5. Lee Surrenders. . . 1865 (South out of EVERYTHING. . Men, supplies, & will to fight)

Answer one of the following in your spirals: • Do you think two people who have gotten in a HUGE fight can ever be friends, or friendly, again? Explain why or why not: • Do you believe in forgiveness if someone has wronged you? Why or why not? • Can someone who is racist or discriminatory against someone can ever change? Why or why not?

Pick TWO stats and explain how they would impact Reconstruction • More than 600, 000 people died during the Civil War • Between 4, 000 -5, 000 Slaves were freed • 11 States formally withdrew from the United States • Over three million soldiers fought total, 2, 000 from the North, 1, 000 from the South • Total war was used (do you remember who used it? )

I. Review of challenges facing American during Reconstruction (put in chart on bottom of vocab) A. South Destroyed 1. Sherman Burns the South (Atlanta) 2. Infrastructure Destroyed a. 90% of bridges destroyed b. Miles of Railroads Destroyed 3. Human Cost a. 285, 000 southern soldiers dead b. 4 Mil. freedmen - no education **Freedman’s Bureau c. Helped freed slaves & poor whites Southern Troops Free to Go Home –NO PUNISHMENT!!*

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.

Objective #1: Plans for the South B. RECONSTRUCTION 1. Lincoln’s Plan – “ 10% Plan” a. 10% of Southern voters swear loyalty & States are let back into Union b. Pro-union southerners take charge -Not tough enough -Only Confed. Leaders banned **Ex. J. Davis (Pres. ) & Lee c. Radical Republicans want to punish South **Say 10% Plan too easy

Objective #1: Plans for South 2. Lincoln Assassinated (April 14, 1865) a. Ford’s Theatre -John Wilkes Boothe Southern Sympathizer b. Vice President Johnson becomes President: 1. Southern Senator (Tenn. ) 2. Plan Called ‘RESTORATION’ -Personal Grudge against South -Rich and Powerful Southerners must ask the president personally to be pardoned 3. Congress has other ideas and takes control of Reconstruction I hate the SOUTH!!

II. OBJ #2 - Radical Reconstruction A. Radical Reconstruction 1. Radical Republicans in Charge a. Want to Punish South b. Have total control of Congress 2. Plan for Reconstruction a. Divide South into Military Districts **Military will run the south b. Confed. leaders cannot hold office c. States must make new Constitutions **Constitutions to be approved by Congress** 3. Impeached Johnson a. Disobeyed Laws Congress had passed b. Impeached by House (accused) c. Not Guilty by Senate- By one Vote

What Southern State was never part of Radical Reconstruction? ? Why?

II. OBJ #2 - Reconstruction Roller Coaster B. Constitutional Changes 1. 13 th – Outlawed Slavery (1865) a. Remember Nevada. . Added to help pass new amend. 2. 14 th- Citizenship to all MEN born in U. S (1868) a. States must use ‘Due Process’ to take away citizen’s rights! 3. 15 th- All MEN have right to vote (1870) a. No matter race, color, or having been a slave

Objective #2: Radical Reconstruction C. Results of Radical Reconstruction 1. Good- a. Blacks Vote(Protected by Army) b. Schools for Blacks and Whites c. Black Representatives (2 Senators) 2. Bad a. Violence and Terrorism

South Carolina had the most black representatives, because_______?

Answer these questions in your spirals • 1) What were the THREE plans for Reconstruction? • 2) Support this statement with evidence: Andrew Johnson and Congress did not get along • 3) What role did the MILITARY play in Radical Reconstruction?

Label page- KKK video Questions from video • 1) Explain the CREATION of the KKK: • 2) Summarize the MAIN IDEA of this video in 12 words or less • 3) Ask one question the video leads you to:

Objective #3: Abuse of African-Americans A. Southern Whites Fight Back 1. During Reconstruction a. Violence (Terrorism) b. KKK (Ku Klux Klan) . . . keep blacks from voting c. Black Codes (Old slave Codes) - Laws to keep blacks from voting or participating

OBJ #3: Roller Coaster 2. Share Cropping (Bad as Slavery? ) a. Borrow goods from landowner pay him back with crops. More DEBT!! 3. Scalawags & Carpetbaggers a. Hated by Southerners 4. After Reconstruction, Southern Democrats are back in power, don’t need HOODS anymore!!!!

Label page: Packet. Choose THREE questions to answer

Question 1. In what STATE(S) would the KKK need to be the strongest? What led you to this conclusion?

A lynching is basically MOB justice (taking the law into your own hands with no TRIAL. -2) What do you notice about the 1880’s?

Reconstruction Campaign Poster Questions: 3. Compare and Contrast the two individuals shown: 4. Based on this, what do you think was the intended message? Why? 1866

Explain… 5. Explain the SCENE and the GOAL of this cartoon -Use EVIDENCE from cartoon to support your answer 1868

6. What do you think this cartoonist is saying? How can you tell? 1874

Document 5 http: //www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/USAkkk. htm “There has existed since 1868, in many counties of the state, an organization known as the Ku Klux Klan, or Invisible Empire of the South, which embraces in its membership a large proportion of the white population of every profession and class. . . The Klan is inflicting summary vengeance on the colored citizens of these citizens by breaking into their houses at the dead of night, dragging them from their beds, torturing them in the most inhuman manner, and in many instances murdering. ” -Ulysses S. Grant, 1871

Roller Coaster Activity • The claim you must prove, using EVIDENCE and REASONING, is that, for blacks, Reconstruction was like a ROLLER COASTER • Find evidence that Reconstruction had UPS, or POSITIVE aspects • Find evidence that Reconstruction had DOWNS, or NEGATIVE aspects • Write an outline on the back. Where is says “SUM UP PARAGRAPH, ” state whether Reconstruction had more UPS or DOWNS

Questions 1) Provide EVIDENCE to support this statement: President Johnson and Congress REALLY did not get along. 2) Explain the role the MILITARY played in Radical Reconstruction 3) Defend, with evidence, which of the following amendments is MOST important to blacks: 13 th, 14 th, 15 th 4 A) What was the goal of the KKK? 4 B) How did they try to accomplish this goal? 4 C) What other ways did Southern whites try to accomplish this?

IV. OBJ #4 - END of Reconstruction Describe the end of Reconstruction. How did the Democrats regain control of Southern politics? What president was seen as corrupt that hurt Reconstruction? Describe the results of the 1876 election. Describe how the ‘Compromise of 1877’ ended Reconstruction. “No white A. Grant Administration man can live in the 1. Corrupt – Bribery, Fraud, Top People South in the 2. Republican Revolt / Reconciliation future and act with any a. Want peace w/white South other than b. Amnesty Act- All white men can the Democratic vote & hold office again Party B. Republican Decline in South unless he is willing and 1. Whites begin to take Control prepared to live a life of 2. Violence threatens Republicans social Ex. Pg. 509 – quote (KKK) of the BLUE BOOK isolation. ” 3. Democrats gain seats in Congress, and State Houses (Old Southern leaders)

What observations can you make using this map/graph? Does anything stand out? ? ?

OBJ #3: END of Reconstruction C. Election of 1876 1. Rutherford B. Hayes – ‘Honest’ Republican governor of Ohio 2. Samuel Tilden – Governor of NY stopped corruption in NY City 3. Trouble w/Votes a. Tilden appears to have won b. 3 states dispute results (La, Fl, SC) **All have Union troops in control

OBJ #3: END of Reconstruction D. Compromise of 1877 1. Democrats. and Southerners Furious a. Immigrants & Southerners – Dems 2. Secret meetings between Rep. /Dem. a. Hayes declared Winner b. Republicans Promise - End Recon. c. Democrats Promise – Protect Af. Am. *** RECONSTRUCTION IS OVER!!!!!!!

OBJ #5: END of Reconstruction E. After Reconstruction: The New South 1. Democrats/Conservatives take Control a. Violence now Legal b. KKK doesn’t need hoods **They’re the Cops & Mayors and Elected officials~!! 2. Segregation and ‘Jim Crow’ Laws a. Keep Af. Am from Voting *Just change name: Slave Code to Black Code b. Af. Americans very disappointed **NO CHANGE UNTIL 1960’s!!!!!!!

Opener: Laws from States after Reconstruction 1)What do these laws seem to have in common, so what word(s) are often repeated? 2)Reading through them, which one is the MOST SHOCKING and why? 3) What do these laws say for about life for African-Americans during and after Reconstruction? ? ? 4) Describe these terms using ONE vocabulary word

Label Section: Black Codes Quietly read over the laws 1) What do these laws have in common? 2) Summarize, in 12 words or less, what the apparent GOAL of these laws is/was: 3) Which of these laws is MOST surprising? Why

Ways Blacks were DISENFRANCHISED • Poll Taxes: States charged $ to vote: kept blacks and whites from voting – Sometimes was as high as $200!

Ways to keep power: Literacy Tests • Literacy tests were used to help exclude blacks from the polls. – Since many whites couldn’t read, some jurisdictions adopted a “reasonable interpretation” clause; these laws gave voting registrars discretion to evaluate applicants’ performance on literacy tests. -

Keeping blacks from voting • Grandfather clauses: – These laws provided that those who had enjoyed the right to vote prior to 1866 or 1867 or their lineal descendants would be exempt from educational, property, or tax requirements for voting

If all else failed… the White Primary • If other forms failed, then whites only PRIMARY elections were another tool – In this system, only whites were allowed to vote in the PRIMARY election, which determines the candidate for each party – For the general election, technically blacks could vote, by then, however, who would the candidates be? ?

Document-Based Question • A document-based question is an essay that poses a question. You answer the question by referring to EVIDENCE from the documents, thus the name DOCUMENT-based question. • This will count as your final for the unit/year!

Hook: Rate how the different groups would respond to each headline • Headline A: “Congress Passes Enforcement Acts-Troops Sent South to Put Down the KKK” • Headline B: “Hiram Revels Elected Senator From Mississippi in 1870 -First Black Man to Enter Congress” • Headline C: “Financial Panic of 1873 to Cause Serve Depression and Loss of 3 Million Jobs” • Headline D: “Rutherford B. Hayes Elected President in 1876 -Agrees to Move Federal Soldiers out of Louisiana and South Carolina”

Background • With group, you have 15 minutes to answer background information

Background: write on back of green page • Reconstruction: – Who? – What was happening? – When was it? – Where was it? – Why did it happen? – How was it supposed to happen?

Question • Who killed Reconstruction, North or South? 1) What are the key terms in the question? Define them: 2) Re-write question in your own words: 3) What are the possible claims, or answers, to the question?

Buckets are a way to organize the arguments for each side as you analyze the documents

Document A Source: Albion Tourgee, Letter on Ku Klux Klan Activities. New York Tribune, May 1870 Note: Tourgee was a white, Northern soldier who settled in North Carolina after the War. He served as a judge during Reconstruction and wrote this letter to the North Carolina Republican Senator, Joseph Carter Abbott. It is my mournful duty to inform you that our friend John W. Stephens, State Senator from Caswell, is dead. He was foully murdered by the Ku-Klux in the Grand Jury room of the Court House on Saturday or Saturday night last. The circumstances attending his murder have not yet fully come to light there. So far as I can learn, I judge these to have been the circumstances: He was one of the Justices of the Peace in that township, and was accustomed to hold court in that room on Saturdays. It is evident that he was set upon by someone while holding this court, or immediately after its close, and disabled by a sudden attack, otherwise there would have been a very sharp resistance, as he was a man, and always went armed to the teeth. He was stabbed five or six times, and then hanged on a hook in the Grand Jury room, where he was found on Sunday morning. Another brave, honest Republican citizen has met his fate at the hands of these fiends… …I have very little doubt that I shall be one of the next victims. My steps have been dogged for months, and only a good opportunity has been wanting to secure to me the fate which Stephens has just met… I say to you plainly that any member of Congress who, especially if from the South, does not support, advocate, and urge immediate, active, and thorough measures to put an end to these outrages… is a coward, a traitor, or a fool.

Source: Independent Monitor, September 1, 1868. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama.

Document B Source: Abram Colby, testimony to a joint House and Senate Committee 1872. Note: Colby was a former slave who was elected to the Georgia State Legislature during Reconstruction. Colby: On the 29 th of October 1869, [the Klansmen] broke my door open, took me out of bed, took me to the woods and whipped me three hours or more and left me for dead. They said to me, "Do you think you will ever vote another damned Radical ticket? " I said, "If there was an election tomorrow, I would vote the Radical ticket. " They set in and whipped me a thousand licks more, with sticks and straps that had buckles on the ends of them. Question: What is the character of those men who were engaged in whipping you? Colby: Some are first-class men in our town. One is a lawyer, one a doctor, and some are farmers… They said I had voted for Grant and had carried the Negroes against them. About two days before they whipped me they offered me $5, 000 to go with them and said they would pay me $2, 500 in cash if I would let another man go to the legislature in my place. I told them that I would not do it if they would give me all the county was worth… No man can make a free speech in my county. I do not believe it can be done anywhere in Georgia.

Source: Harper’s Weekly, October 21, 1876. Caption: “Of Course he wants to vote the Democratic ticket. ”

Document C Source: Gerald Danzer et al. , The Americans, Mc. Dougal Littell, 1998. . in the 1870 s, Northern voters grew indifferent to events in the South. Weary of the 'Negro Question' and 'sick of carpet-bag' government, many Northern voters shifted their attention to such national concerns as the Panic of 1873 and corruption in Grant's administration. . Although political violence continued in the South. . . the tide of public opinion in the North began to turn against Reconstruction policies. Source: Harper’s Weekly, 1876 Caption: “U. S. ‘In for It. ’ I hope I shall get to the bottom soon. ” Note: U. S. are initials of President Ulysses S. Grant.

Document D Source: Heather Cox Richardson, The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor and Politics in the Post-Civil War North, 1865 -1901. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2001. In the fall of 1873, even the staunchly (firmly) pro-Grant and pro-Freedman Boston Evening Transcript ran a letter…arguing that blacks, as a people, are unfitted for the proper exercise of political duties…The rising generation of…blacks needed a period of probation and instruction; a period…long enough for the black to have forgotten something of his condition as a slave and learned much of the true method of gaining honorable subsistence and of performing the duties of any position to which he might aspire. ” Northern artist’s portrayal of the South Carolina State Legislature during Reconstruction. Source: The cover of Harper’s Weekly, March 14, 1874

Post-bucketing and claim Your CLAIM is which side you think is more CONVINCING for being at fault for the end of Reconstruction. Also include a REASON 1 st

Post-bucketing and claim Your CLAIM is which side you think is more CONVINCING for being at fault for the end of Reconstruction. Also include a REASON 3 rd

Post-bucketing and claim Your CLAIM is which side you think is more CONVINCING for being at fault for the end of Reconstruction. Also include a REASON 4 th

Post-bucketing and claim Your CLAIM is which side you think is more CONVINCING for being at fault for the end of Reconstruction. Also include a REASON 5 th

Post-bucketing and claim Your CLAIM is which side you think is more CONVINCING for being at fault for the end of Reconstruction. Also include a REASON 6 th

SOUTH • • John Stephens, a Republican Senator, was brutally murdered by the KKK. (Document A) Not only was a senator killed, but Republican • judge Albion Tourgee was also threatened. (Document A) • John Stephens’ body was publically displayed in a court room (Document A) The KKK threatened carpetbaggers, warning them to leave the South or risked being hanged • (Cartoon, Document A) The KKK whipped Abram Colby, a former slave and Georgia legislator, simply for voting • Republican. (Document B) The KKK also bribed Colby, offering up to $7, 500 to get him to change his views or allow • someone to replace him in the legislature. (Document B) Blacks were being literally threatened with their • lives when voting. (Cartoon, Document NORTH • Abram Colby was willing to endure three hours of whipping by the KKK and still refused to change his beliefs. (Document B) Blacks were being literally threatened with Northern voters stopped caring about events in the South (Document C) Republicans were more concerned about problems with the Grant administration and then economy than worrying about the rights of blacks (Document C) Ulysses S. Grant’s entire focus was on solving problems within his administration (Cartoon, Document C) Many northerners who formally supported blacks began doubting if they should be treated equal stating “blacks, as a people, are unfitted for the proper exercise of political duties. ” (Document D) Some Northerners thought blacks needed a longer period of “instruction” before being treated equal. (Document D) Northern Cartoons showed black legislators as lazy and unable to rule (Document D)

Bucketing • How does each evidence contribute/answer the question? • When you are done, read the evidence and place a CHECK MARK in the bucket that is MOST convincing • Place a star by the piece of evidence that is MOST convincing in each bucket • Come up with a REASON (a one word summary) of WHY each side could be blamed

Steps to writing an argumentative essay 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Understand the question: Pre-bucket Analyze documents Post bucket with documents Begin outlining essay Write rough draft Edit and revise Final draft

Opener • Read over the sample body paragraphs (one on front, one on back) – With your partner, circle the word or phrase from the claim (first sentence) that the author is trying to PROVE. – Evidence are examples that prove the claim from the documents. UNDERLINE how the author cited (gave credit to) the documents – Reasoning comes after the evidence and links the evidence to the claim. HIGHLIGHT words or phrases that mean the same thing as the CIRCLED reason from the claim – What does the LAST sentence accomplish?

Sample The north became distracted which took their focus away from Reconstruction (claim). For example, Ulysses S. Grant administration got caught up with numerous problems, including the whiskey fraud (cartoon, doc C). These issues took Grant’s focus away from helping blacks. Instead he had to investigate the problems (Reasoning, links evidence to claim). In addition to this, the Panic of 1873 also took attention away from what should have been the ultimate goal of Reconstruction (Doc C, passage). This panic left millions out of work, and shifted attention towards money and away from equality, as people were more concerned about their jobs then about equality for blacks. (reasoning). The combination of scandal and depression left many people to question whether Reconstruction was worth it.

Sample 2 Southern violence was the primary reason reconstruction ended. The KKK, a southern terrorist group, was primarily responsible for this. For example, the KKK targeted whites Republicans of power like John Stephens (doc. A, passage). Not only was Stephens stabbed, his body was also publically hanged in a court room. This was down to intimidate others, with the goal of keeping whites from supporting Republicans, and in the end, blacks. Whites were not the only ones targeted by the KKK. Blacks like Abram Colby, a senator from Georgia, also faced the wrath of the KKK (doc b, passage). Colby was whipped and bribed by klansmen, who had the goal of taking away his power. The KKK, a southern terrorist group, effectively used violence to intimidate both blacks and whites, and are the biggest reason people grew tired of Reconstruction.

Claim vs. super-claim These are super claims: • 1) Due to physicality, action, and the overall athletic ability of the players, football is the best sport to watch. and a second super claim says • 2) Baseball, with its tradition, high skill level, and appeal to fans from many nations, is absolutely the best sport to watch. This is just a CLAIM • The physical nature of football makes it the best sport to watch. • Baseball has players from many different nations, making it more enjoyable to watch for more people. What is the difference between the two? Which goes in the introduction of an argumentative essay? Where does the other go?

Body paragraph(s) • First, restate the CLAIM from the opening paragraph • Next, choose your TWO pieces of evidence that prove the claim. Use a sentence starter and explain the evidence in your own words. Cite documents in parenthesis • After evidence, in two sentences or more, clearly explain how that evidence PROVES your claim • Repeat, then summarize the paragraph

Sentence starters: Sentence starters for introducing evidence: -For example, -Another example from the documents -Evidence for this can be seen… -As _______ (author or document) shows, *Put the documents or line #’s in parenthesis at end of the sentence Transition sentence starters: Further evidence… Not only… In addition to… Moreover… Sentence starters for reasoning: -This shows -This demonstrates -This evidence suggests -This evidence contributes -This evidence supports -This evidence confirms -It is apparent this evidence caused -Considering this evidence, it can be concluded… -Based on the____ it can be argued -The connection -Hence -This proves -This highlights *Reasoning should be 2 -3 sentences and CLEARLY show the EVIDENCE proves your claim

Conclusion Restatement: In the end, the ______ was ______ (choose convincing word) at fault for Reconstruction ending. Although statement (counter-claim). Although the (mention other side) ___________, the fact (counter with argument from your side) _____________. Ex. Although playing in snow is fun, nothing beats warm summer fun and everything that comes with it. Why it matters: The: so what? Finish with 1 -3 sentences about why this is important (think JIM CROW), relate back to “darkness” from the hook

Essay Outline Guide Working title: Title it whatever you want!!!! Paragraph 1: Introduction Grabber: “…the slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery. ” –W. E. B. Dubois. This quote perfectly describes the time period known as reconstruction Background: Reconstruction was the time period after the Civil War when America was trying to come back together. A large focus of Reconstruction was achieving equality for newly-freed blacks. Restate question with key terms: But the question remains, who is at fault, North or South, for this time period coming to an end? Thesis (claim) and roadmap: Due to _____, the _____ is more responsible for the end of Reconstruction

body paragraph • Start with mini (aww how cute) thesis statement or Topic sentence (restate your REASON) • Provide at least TWO pieces of evidence from the documents • Connect the evidence to your topic sentence (your REASONING). This aspect is KEY, I don’t want your paragraphs to be CHOPPY or read like a LIST!!!!!! • This shows, This proves, This highlights… CONNECT to your mini-claim!

Quick Checklist Opening paragraph: Hook Explain hook Explain Reconstruction Restate Question Super claim: state who was at fault and why (no facts though) Concluding paragraph: • In the end, with convincing word • Although statement • 2 -3 sentences about why it matters that Reconstruction ended so soon Body: • Claim with reason • Evidence that PROVES reason (must have DOCUMENT in parenthesis) • Reasoning linking evidence to claim (This shows, This proves, This was done to… • Second piece of evidence (Another, In addition to, That was not all, ) CITE DOCUMENT • Reasoning linking evidence to claim • Sum up the entire paragraph