Project Planning A CMMI Level 2 Process Area

Project Planning 项目计划 A CMMI Level 2 Process Area 1

目标 ¡ SG 1 Establish Estimates l l ¡ SG 2 Develop a Project Plan l l ¡ Estimates of project planning parameters are established and maintained. 建立和维护对计划参数的维护 A project plan is established and maintained as the basis for managing the project. 开发和维护项目计划作为管理项目的基础 SG 3 Obtain Commitment to the Plan l l Commitments to the project plan are established and maintained. 建立维护对于项目计划的承诺 8

特定实践 ¡ SP 1. 1 -1 Estimate the Scope of the Project l l Establish a top-level work breakdown structure (WBS) to estimate the scope of the project. 建立一个高层次的 作拆分结构来估算项目的 范围 9

特定实践 ¡ SP 1. 2 -1 Establish Estimates of Work Product and Task Attributes l l Establish and maintain estimates of the attributes of the work products and tasks. 建立和维护对 作产品和任务属性的估算（规模） ¡ 规模的单位可能是： l l l l l 功能个数 功能点 源代码行数 类和对象的个数 需求个数 接口个数 页数 输入/输出的个数 数据量 10

特定实践 ¡ SP 1. 3 -1 Define Project Life Cycle l l Define the project life-cycle phases on which to scope the planning effort. 定义项目的生命周期模型 11

特定实践 ¡ SP 1. 4 -1 Determine Estimates of Effort and Cost l l Estimate the project effort and cost for the work products and tasks based on estimation rationale 确定 作量和成本的估算 12

特定实践 ¡ SP 2. 1 -1 Establish the Budget and Schedule l l Establish and maintain the project's budget and schedule. 确定预算和时间表 13

特定实践 ¡ SP 2. 2 -1 Identify Project Risks l l Identify and analyze project risks 识别和分析项目的风险 14

特定实践 ¡ SP 2. 4 -1 Plan for Project Resources l l Plan for necessary resources to perform the project. 为完成项目所需的必要资源进行了规划 16

特定实践 ¡ SP 2. 5 -1 Plan for Needed Knowledge and Skills l l Plan for knowledge and skills needed to perform the project. 为完成项目所需的知识和技能进行了规划 17

特定实践 ¡ SP 2. 6 -1 Plan Stakeholder Involvement l l Plan the involvement of identified stakeholders. 为识别出的干系人对项目的参与进行了规划 18

特定实践 ¡ SP 2. 7 -1 Establish the Project Plan l l Establish and maintain the overall project plan content. 建立和维护了项目整体计划的内容 19

特定实践 ¡ SP 3. 1 -1 Review Plans That Affect the Project l l Review all plans that affect the project to understand project commitments. 评审所有影响到项目的计划以理解项目的承诺 20

特定实践 ¡ SP 3. 2 -1 Reconcile Work and Resource Levels l l Reconcile the project plan to reflect available and estimated resources 协调项目计划，以反映估算的和实际可以获得 的资源 21

特定实践 ¡ SP 3. 3 -1 Obtain Plan Commitment l l Obtain commitment from relevant stakeholders responsible for performing and supporting plan execution. 从相关的干系人获取对执行和支持项目的干系 人那里获得承诺 22

为成功而计划 ¡ If you don’t know where you are going, you’ll end up someplace else. -- Yogi Berra 24

Waterfall Model with Feedback 带反馈的瀑布 系统需求 V&V 活动 软件需求 V&V Activities 概要设计 System and Software Reliability requirements for each mission phase • Reliability • Availability Reliability, QA Plans • Activities • Schedules • Controls • Resources • Criteria • Interfaces Design V&V Activities Plan V&V Activities 详细设计 V&V Activities 编码和调试 开发测试 测试 V&V Activities Test 运行和维护 Standards and Maintenance Plan Requirements Validation • Protocols • Checklists • Simulations • Requirements Review V&V Activities 39

Incremental Delivery Model Increment #1 Requirements Analysis Design Increment #2 Code Integrand ation Unit Test Requirements Analysis Design Increment #3 System Accept- Installance Test ation Test Code Integrand ation Unit Test Requirements Analysis Design Operation and Maintenance System Accept- Installance Test ation Test Code Integrand ation Unit Test Operation and Maintenance System Accept- Installance Test ation Test Operation and Maintenance Complete System 40

Block Development Model Block 10 R Block 20 D C I S A I R D C I S A I Block 30 R Block 40 Block 10 O & M D C I S A I Block 40 Block 20 O & M R O & M Block 30 D C I S A I Block 40 O & M Legend: Upgrade to Block 40 41

Prototyping Model Start Stop Requirements gathering and refinement Engineer product Quick design Refining prototype Building prototype • Creating a model or mockup • Emphasizes rapid development, 4 GL, reuse, graphical tools • Can partially replace the waterfall model • Can completely replace the waterfall model Customer evaluation of prototype 42

Evolutionary Spiral Model 1. Understand Context Develop/Update Estimate of the Situation Perform Risk Analysis Review Risk Analysis Plan Risk Aversion Define/Refine Approach - Stakeholders - Objectives - Alternatives - Constraints Commit to Proceed 2. Analyze Risks Review Context Commit to Risk Aversion Strategy Evaluate Risk Aversion 3. Plan Development Review Alternative Update Spiral Plan Review Progress 5. Manage and Plan and Schedule Place Product Under Change Control Develop and Verify Product Monitor and Review Technical Product Commit to Plan 4. Develop Product Source: Software Productivity Consortium Evolutionary Spiral Process Model Guidebook 43

Time Box Time Require. Code Integr- System Accept. Operation Installments Design and ation and ance ation Test Analysis Unit Test Maintenance Test add R (11) R (1. . 10) remove R (6) remove R (2, 9) R (1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11) remove R (5) Baselined Requirements 44

Rational Unified Process ― Iterations and Phases Iterations Inception Elaboration Preliminary Architect. Devel. Iteration Construction Devel. Iteration Transition Devel. Transition Iteration Minor Milestones: Releases An iteration is a distinct sequence of activities with an established plan and evaluation criteria, resulting in an executable release (internal or external) Source: Unified Software Practices v 5. 0 -C. Rational Software, 1998. 45