Light Radioisotopes Nuclear Astrophysics Neutrino Physics and Fundamental

Light Radio-isotopes Nuclear Astrophysics, Neutrino Physics and Fundamental Interactions O. Aviv 1, D. Berkovits 2, M. Hass 1, O. Heber 1, T. Hirsh 1, 2, V. Kumar 2, M. Lewitowicz 3, F. de-Oliveira 3, G. Ron 4, S. Vaintraub 1, 2 1. The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, ISRAEL 2. Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yavne, ISRAEL 3. GANIL, Caen, FRANCE 4. LBL, Berkeley, USA 10/7/2020 1

Or A glance at current Experimental Nuclear Physics at the Weizmann Institute v Nuclear Structure Far-From-Stability – Radioactive Beams v Nuclear Astrophysics v Fundamental Interactions 10/7/2020 2

6: 01 10/7/2020 PM

Secondary neutrons + fission BUT Also light RIB’s 10/7/2020 4

14 UD Pelletron Accelerator at the WI “ 20 th Century” 10/7/2020 5

ECR Ion Source, RFQ and 1 st cryo-module in situ “ 21 st Century” The SARAF accelerator at Soreq, Israel. Summer 2009 Final Commissioning of Phase –I Nov. 2009 – 1 m. A p @ 3. 5 Me. V 10/7/2020 6

v Two-stage production scheme Also with a 14 Me. V d+t “neutron generator” at the WI 10/7/2020 7

6 He and 8 Li beams in WIS v~1010 n/sec 14. 1 Me. V v. WIS d-t NG v. Heated Porous Be. O or B 4 C target v~6∙ 107 6 He/s ~2∙ 107 8 Li/s v. Extraction by diffusion v. High efficiency 8 v. Ionization v. Efficiency ?

6 He production (n, a) cross section Production yield of the order of 5∙ 1012 6 He per 1 m. A d@40 Me. V Remember also 11 B(n, a)8 Li 10/7/2020 9

6 He vs. 8 Li Production using SARAF/SPIRAL 2 40 Me. V d on Lithium neutrons SARAF/SPIRAL 2 d-Li neutron flux is more suitable for 6 He production than 8 Li 9 Be(n, α)6 He βt 0. 5= 807 ms 6 He 11 B(n, α)8 Li βt 0. 5= 838 ms 8 Li 10

v. Extraction of RIB v. Be. O v. BN v. ISOLDE Exp. T. Stora at al. 17. 4. 2009 11

v. Preliminary results of ISOLDE Be. O run – April 2009 v. See talk by Thierry Stora – this WORKSHOP 10/7/2020 12

v. Fusion Reactions in the Sun: v. The main p-p chain v. WI 6: 02 10/7/2020 PM - מיכאל הס מפגשים בחזית 2009 המדע

Theory vs. Experiment for the 3 solar-neutrino experiments v. SNU v n + 37 Cl v 37 Ar + e- v. E(n) > 0. 81 Me. V 6: 02 10/7/2020 PM v n + 71 Ga v 71 Ge + e- v. E(n) > 0. 23 Me. V - מיכאל הס מפגשים בחזית 2009 המדע

The SNO (Sudbury Neutrino Observatory) Experiment v. A D 2 O Detector v Neutral currents vs Charge Currents 6: 02 10/7/2020 PM - מיכאל הס מפגשים בחזית 2009 המדע

v. The “Standard Model” of Particle Physics 6: 02 10/7/2020 PM - מיכאל הס מפגשים בחזית 2009 המדע

The b-beam Concept Production of an intense collimated neutrino (anti neutrino) beam directed at neutrino detectors via b decay of accelerated radioactive ions 6 He 18 Ne 8 Li SPL ISOL target & Ion source Cyclotrons Storage ring and fast cycling synchrotron 10/7/2020 6 Li + e- +n 18 F + e+ + n 8 Be + e- + v SPS Decay To the French Alps Ring PS 17

Mass accretion from a companion into a neutron star (black hole). § Role of 14 O, 15 O and 18 Ne in the physics of x-ray bursts 4 He(15 O, g)19 NE 10/7/2020 M. Wiescher et al. Erice Conference, 2007 J. L. Fisker et al. , ar. Xiv: astro-ph/070241 18

Type II Supernovae 8 Li(a, n)11 B ‘ 2000 g. s. 10/7/2020 19

Example: 6 He beta decay See, e. g, Flechard et al, PRL (2008) v 6 Li ve- Electron v daughter nucleus v. Pure Gamow-Teller vq vne Electron v anti-neutrino New physics beyond the Standard Model’s v V-A structure 2 0

β-Decay Physics n Transition rate W (inverse lifetime) n In case of nonoriented nuclei v. Beta-neutrino correlation coefficient n In case of oriented nuclei ( n - nuclear polarization) J. D. Jackson, S. B. Treiman and H. W. Wyld, Nucl. Phys. 4, 206 (1957) 2 1

Why RNB’s in Traps? n n No possibility for detection of neutrinos Small effects measurements - low energy of ions, multiple scattering, angle resolution Atoms/Ions - “point source” in a trap Increase of accuracy in measurements: n Angular correlations n Energy 22

Current Status on 6 He v ~2 % limit on any possible deviation – hence improve limit v Statistics + systematic limitations v Flechard et al: Paul trap, but “…. MOT (Magneto Optical Trap)” v But He is noble gas – metastable state for MOT. LOW EFFICIENCY. v Statistics 10/7/2020 23

v. Optical resonator v. Particle resonator v. E k , q v. V>Ek/q v. M v. Trapping of fast ion beams using electrostatic field v. L

v. Field free region v. Entrance mirror v. Exit mirror v. L=407 mm

v. Trapping ion beams at ke. V energies v. Neutrals v. Field free region v. E k v. V 1 v. V 2 v. V 3 v. V 4 v. V z • No magnetic fields • No RF fields v. Why is this trap different vfrom the other traps? • No mass limit • Large field free region • Simple to operate • Directionality • External ion source • Easy beam detection v. Detector (MCP) v. V 1 v. V 2 v. V 3 v. V 4

v. MPI – HD Participation v. Fig. 2 A schematic view of the EST for bdecay studies. The radioactive ion, like 6 He, moves with Ek-4. 2 ke. V between the reflecting electrodes. The b electrons are detected in position sensitive counters while the recoiling ions, due to kinematic focusing, are detected with very high efficiency in either one (determined by the instantaneous direction) of the annular MCP counters. 10/7/2020 27

(Very) preliminary simulations 10/7/2020 28

“In- House” Research! R&D steps at the WI v 6 He (+ ions) and 8 Li (neutrals) production and extractions v EIBT parameters (bunching (pre-trapping), bunch size, timing (with 4 He) --- Re-use hardware from the 14 UD Pelletron v RNB in Trap and detection system v First measurements v SARAF… 10/7/2020 29

vhttp: //www. weizmann. ac. il/conferences/NPA 5.

Tentative results Lower yield, but, better extraction. . 10/7/2020 31

E(8 Li [Me. V]) 8 Li energies of interest 6 3 10/7/2020 32

R&D Steps Via neutron converter – 6 He, 8 Li, . . v Simulations – Geant 4, MCNP – PRODUCTION rate of ~1013/m. A!!! v Converter design v. Target design – Diffusion & Extraction (Be. O fibers, Boron Nitrite fibers) Direct production – 14, 15 O, 18 Ne, . . v Design of targets (heat) for direct production (O and Ne); materials (gas? ), … v Extraction. Nitrogen is “bad”. Perhaps C 02? M. Loiselet, LLN 12 C(3 He, n)14 O and 12 C(4 He, n)15 O Experiment: Beam, Team, Detectors (RMS-like, Si ball, EXOGAM. . )… 10/7/2020 33

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Towards a full proposal – objectives and milestones. v 2007 -2009 FP 7 (Task 7. 1). Towards establishing a true collaboration. Initial target design. R&D studies of both n-converter and direct production. Test runs: Soreq neutron generator Soreq Phase I GANIL (neutrons from C+C) ISOLDE (neutrons from 1 Ge. V spallation) v 2009 -2011 Target (s) manufacturing. Parameters for experimental setup, synergy with detector (particle, gamma, separator) projects v 2012 -……. SPIRAL-II v 2012 -……. SARAF? ? . . . 10/7/2020 35

B 4 C We initiated the heating for Boron Carbide with temperature ~200 0 C. During the first few stages (T=200 -500 0 C), the heating was put off in between, as the vacuum deteriorated beyond the limits. But then after it reached 500 o C, the process was continued in steps, so that vacuum may not deteriorate beyond 10 -5. v. GANIL 2010 – test of diffusion-effusion of porous B 4 C (? ) 10/7/2020 36

Partial sample of representative papers The Astrophysical Journal, 650 (2006) 332 J. L. Fisker et al. The Importance of 15 O(a, g) 19 Ne to X-Ray Bursts and Superbursts Arxive-ph/0702412 Feb. 2007 J. L. Fisker et al. Experimental measurements of the 15 O(a, g )19 Ne reaction rate vs. observations of type I X-ray bursts Nuclear Physics A 718, (2003) 605 B. Davids et al. Alpha-decay branching ratios of near-threshold states in astrophysical rate of 19 Ne and the 15 O(α, γ)19 Ne PRC 67 065809 (2003) K. E. Rehm et al. Branching ration Ga/Gg of the 4. 033 Me. V 3/2+ state in 19 Ne Nuclear Physics A 688 (2001)465 c. S. Cherubini et al. The 10/7/2020 15 O(a, g)19 Ne reaction using a 18 Ne radioactive beam 37

SUMMARY v Scientific Case v Calculations and simulations exist – but much more R&D needed Presented at several recent scientific conferences. Funds: EC (infrastructure), Local v “Road Map” towards a full experiment – test experiments! v OPEN COLLABORATION – participation welcome!! 10/7/2020 38

β-Decay Physics For pure Fermi or pure Gamow-Teller (GT) transitions the correlations coefficients become independent of the nuclear matrix elements The correlations coefficients depends on scalar, vector, axialvector and tensor coefficients in β-decay Hamiltonian For example, 6 He β-decay (pure GT) beta-neutrino correlation coefficient can be measured in order to check the presence of tensor interactions n n n 3 9

X-Ray Bursts and the “rp” process These movies simulate an x-ray burst and the rapid-proton capture (“rp”) process. The calculation begins at T 9=T/10^9 K=40 with only neutrons and protons. As time progresses and the temperature drops below T 9=10, nucleons assemble into 4 He nuclei then into heavier mass nuclides. Once T 9 falls below about 4, the QSE among the heavy nuclei begins to break down. Charged-particle reactions freeze out, and flow to higher mass number occurs via nuclear beta decay. This is the classical rprocess phase. n The rp process and x-ray bursts site of nucleosynthesis 10/7/2020 40

v. A new class of ion trapping devices: The Electrostatic Linear Ion Beam Trap v. Physical Principle: v. Photon Optics and Ion Optics vare Equivalent v. V 1 v. V 2 v. V 1<V 2 v. R v. Photons can be Trapped in an v. Optical Resonator v. L v. E k , q v. Ions can be Trapped in an v. Electrical Resonator? v. V>Ek/q

Typical X-ray bursts: • 1036 -1038 erg/s • duration 10 s – 100 s • recurrence: hours-days • regular or irregular Frequent and very bright phenomenon ! (stars 1033 -1035 erg/s) 10/7/2020 42

A first experimental approach to the 15 O + a elastic scattering - Eur. Phys. J. A 27, 183 (2006) F. Vanderbist, P. Leleux, C. Angulo, E. Casarejos, M. Couder, M. Loiselet, G. Ryckewaert, P. Descouvemont, M. Aliotta, T. Davinson, Z. Liu, and P. J. Woods Recent experiments have determined Ga (or put limits to Ga) for levels in 19 Ne up to 5. 092 Me. V excitation energy. A conclusion is that a direct measurement of the 15 O(a, g)19 Ne reaction in the region of astrophysical interest is currently impossible: 15 O beams of intensity larger than 1011 pps on target would be required indeed to measure the 15 O(a, g)19 Ne cross-section in inverse kinematics in the energy region surrounding the first state above threshold, at 4. 033 Me. V…. 10/7/2020 43

Examples of Reactions with RNB’s for Astrophysics • 8 B(p, g)9 C • 8 B(a, p)11 C • 9 C(a, p)12 N • 11 C(p, g)12 N 10/7/2020 44

Recent Experiments (in progress) ISOLDE experiment IS 424 (Sept. ’ 07): (in collaboration with P. J. Woods et al. ). The use of a 17 F beam from the upgraded REX-ISOLDE facility to study the astrophysically important 14 O(α, p)17 F reaction in time reverse kinematics. • REX-ISOLDE + MINIBALL • Only ~ 103 17 F/s On-line data of p-g coincidences – Indicating the 1 st excited state of 17 F 10/7/2020 45

EURISOL INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY PANEL: “…. no progress has been made with the study of alternative production schemes of 6 He and 18 Ne using low energy beams and strongly recommends that this study be completed …. The outcome of this study is an essential ingredient for the analysis whether it is technically feasible to decouple EURISOL and the beta-beams completely 10/7/2020 46

GANIL experiment – accepted by GANIL PAC : (in collaboration with Marialuisa Aliotta et al. ) Plan to investigate the direct 14 O(a, p)17 F reaction at four different energies in the energy region Ecm = 1. 0 -2. 5 Me. V Calculated total S(E) factor. Constructive (+) and destructive (-) interference between the Jpp=16. 15 Me. V state and the direct l=1 partial wave contribution are shown. 10/7/2020 47

Accelerator artist view 40 Me. V x 2 m. A p / d RF SC linac 2 nd – 6 th cryostats 40 SC HWR 176 MHz b 0=0. 15 176 MHz 3. 8 m 1. 5 Me. V/u M/q 2 10/7/2020 1 st cryostat 6 SC HWR 176 MHz b 0=0. 09 48

6 He or 8 Li production 9 Be or 11 B measurements by betas 3 sec foils 3 sec β 20 sec d beam C Or other pulsed neutron source √ Easy experiment n β β Extra material for (n, 2 n), maybe Pb √ Calibration of production for future extraction experiments x All cross sections are already known x Measuring 6 He and 8 Li betas is hard x Only very thin targets are possible 10/7/2020 49

11 BN SEM picture of BN √ High Melting Point √ Exists in fibers and nanotubes forms √ Could be bought in any shape and form. 10/7/2020 50

9 Be. O Zr. O 2 √ High Melting Point √ Could be made in fibers form. √ No need of enrichment x Very toxic. 10/7/2020 51

v Model dependence of the neutrino-deuteron disintegration cross sections at low energies 10/7/2020 http: //il. arxiv. org/abs/nucl-th/0702073 v 1 52

msm = 3 • 10 -19 [mn/e. V], but…. . 10/7/2020 53

v 3 sec 8 Li vmeasurement Production Experiment v 3 sec v 0. 1 sec virradiation vtime 54

Schematics and pictures of ISOLDE setup Together with Tierry Stora and the ISOLDE Ion-Source group 10/7/2020 55

Neutrino oscillations “ 101” 10/7/2020 56

v. Typical properties of boron carbide. B 4 C Property Density (g. cm-3) Melting Point (°C) Hardness (Knoop 100 g) (kg. mm-2) Fracture Toughness (MPa. m-½) Young's Modulus (GPa) Electrical Conductivity (at 25°C) (S) Thermal Conductivity (at 25°C) (W/m. K) Thermal Expansion Co-eff. x 10 -6 (°C) Thermal neutron capture cross section (barn) 2. 52 2445 2900 -3580 2. 9 - 3. 7 450 - 470 140 30 - 42 5 600 Particle Size 3 Composition of Particles: Crystal Whiskers 3, 5 Platelet single crystals 3, 5 Isometric crystals 3, 5 Thickness of Crystal Whiskers and Platelets 5 Surface Area 4 10/7/2020 100% < 10 microns after one stage grinding Typical Values as % of weight > 20 > 10 Remainder to 100% < 2 microns 2 - 9 m 2/g 57

…. . Fusion Reactions in the Sun: The CNO cycle 17 F 14 O 10/7/2020 (a, p) v Proposed at GANIL 58

Long-learned lesson: “orders-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity of measurement – enhanced understanding and possibilities”. 14 N(d, 2 n)14 O cross section and yield for a 2 m. A deuteron beam 14 N(d, n)15 O cross section and yield for a 2 m. A deuterons beam But, extraction of atomic oxygen… 10/7/2020 59