Particles and the Universe Queen Mary Goldsmiths Astrophysics

Particles and the Universe Queen Mary / Goldsmiths’ Astrophysics. July 2004 Professor Peter Kalmus Physics Department http: //www. ph. qmul. ac. uk p. i. p. kalmus@qmul. ac. uk

2 Supernova 1987 A Neutrino numbers Emitted ~ 1058 Hit Earth ~ 1029 Hit tank ~ 1017 Interact ~ 10 Energy release ~ 1046 J SN 1987 A Earth 170, 000 light years SN ~ 1046 J Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

8 arc min Large Magellanic Cloud Sanduleak - 69 o 202 3

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6 LHC T/K Energy Tevatron LEP Particle Era 10 16 1 Te. V 10 13 1 Ge. V 10 10 1 Me. V 10 7 1 ke. V 10 4 1 e. V 10 Era of Astronomy Nuclear Era Primordial Soup Atomic Era Hot as Hell 445 o. C = Boiling point of Brimstone 1 me. V 10 -6 100 Sun forms 1 year 10 -12 ms ms s 1 day ps ns Time since Big Bang / s History of the Universe Time Today 1013 1018

7 Primordial Soup Ingredients 56% quarks 16% gluons 9% charged leptons 9% W & Z particles 5% neutrinos 2% photons 2% gravitons 1% Higgs bosons CERN style 100 Ge. V / particle Hot 3 x 1015 K Condensed Missing ingredients Dark matter Dark energy Recipe by Rocky Kolb Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

8 Inverse square law Sun a Kepler, Newton T 2 2 3 = 4 p a G Mo Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Rotation in spiral galaxies Stars move too fast (measured by Doppler shift) 96 % of universe is undetected ~4% Baryonic; ~24% “Dark Matter” ~70% “Dark Energy” Particles and the Universe

9 Nuclei : how were they made ? H, He, (Li) Big Bang Li, Be, B Spallation by Cosmic Rays Other elements Inside Stars Supernova iron nickel 8 Fusion Q/A Me. V 9 7 6 add neutrons Binding energy per nucleon 0 50 100 150 200 Atomic mass (nucleon) number A Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus You are all made of star material ! Particles and the Universe

10 Structure of the Atom Early 20 th Century 1930 s electron, nucleus electric force electromagnetism Nucleus Atom bunch of grapes - ~ 10 10 m ~ 10 -15 m Proton + town Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Neutron Particles and the Universe strong force

11 Feel weak force “predicted” later discovered Neutrinos 100, 000, 000 per second pass through each person from the Sun Antiparticles Equal and opposite properties “predicted” later discovered Annihilate with normal particles Now used in PET scans 1950 s, 1960 s Many new particles created in high energy collisions Convert energy to mass. Einstein E = mc 2 > 200 new “elementary” (? ) particles Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

12 Today’s building blocks Leptons Quarks (do not feel strong force) (feel strong force) electron e-neutrino 4 particles ene -1 up 0 down very simple u d proton = u u d +2/3 -1/3 = +1 +2/3 -1/3 neutron = u d d +2/3 -1/3 = 0 First generation multiply by 3 (generations) multiply by 2 (antiparticles) Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

13 Today’s building blocks Leptons Quarks (do not feel strong force) (feel strong force) Also antileptons antiquarks electron e-neutrino ene muon m- -1 charm c +2/3 m-neutrino nm 0 strange s -1/3 tau t- -1 top t +2/3 antibary. q q q t-neutrino nt 0 bottom b -1/3 mesons Institute of Physics -1 up 0 down Peter Kalmus u +2/3 d -1/3 6 leptons 6 antileptons 6 quarks 6 antiquarks baryons q q q Particles and the Universe qq

14 Antimatter Anti-hydrogen : made in lab Bulk antimatter ? Where ? Difficult to detect Annihilation of Antigalaxy ? Signal ? e+ + e g+g 0. 511 Me. V g-ray “line” Alfven hypothesis Radiation pressure Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Earth, Moon, X Solar system X Antistars in our Galaxy ? Other (anti-) galaxies ? Telescopes X Cosmic rays ? AMS (Space station) g g g Particles and the Universe

15 Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Leidenfrost demo Particles and the Universe

16 Constituents Internal structure ? Quantum physics Particles have wave properties Insect 1 lens magnifying glass 2 lenses microscope 3 lenses no improvement l=h/p Resolution limited by wavelength of light l Relativity l ~ 5 x 10 -7 m ~ 5 x 103 atom ~ 5 x 108 nucleus high velocities particle creation and annihilation To “probe” elementary particles need l lower by factor more than 109 Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe E = mc 2

17 Accelerator ~ RF cavities electric kick Bending electromagnet Focusing electromagnet Vacuum ring Injector Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe Extract beam

18 Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Circular orbit demo Particles and the Universe

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20 Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Proton source demo Particles and the Universe

Tracks of charged particles from electronic signals Wire chambers Anod 21 e wire s + Anode wires electron Gas Cathode Catho de Also usually made of wires Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus x coord : wire no. y coord : drift time z coord : current division Particles and the Universe 1 mm 0. 1 mm few cm

22 Calorimeter Metal Scintillator Light guides Waveshifter Photomultiplier Energy deposited Particle creates a shower. Scintillation light measures energy deposited Depth into calorimeter Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

23 Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Waveshifter demo Particles and the Universe

24 Forces Electromagnetic Weak atoms molecules optics electronics telecom. beta decay solar fusion particles inverse square law short range inverse square law gluon graviton photon Institute of Physics ± W , Z 0 Peter Kalmus Strong nuclei Gravity falling objects planet orbits stars galaxies Particles and the Universe

25 Forces by exchange Analogy only Useful mental picture ? Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

26 Attraction Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

27 Unification of the fundamental forces of nature Faraday, Maxwell Electricity Magnetism Electromagnetic Institute of Physics Newton Apples Planets Gravity Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

28 Unification of the fundamental forces of nature Faraday, Maxwell Newton Electricity Magnetism Electromagnetic Weak Apples Strong Planets Gravity Salam, Weinberg, Glashow Electroweak unified force g, W +, W -, Z 0 0 80 80 90 Ge. V Do the W and Z particles really exist ? Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

29 Collider ~ RF cavities electric kick Bending electromagnet Carlo Rubbia Antiprotons Focusing electromagnet Collide 2 beams Inside vacuum Simon van der Meer Stochastic cooling Inject protons Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe Inject antiprotons

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32 Carriers of Weak Force Found at CERN The W boson the hypo f n o s Bo t a h t e rticl a t p n e e h t m on, achieve s o b g nt tor n a i c t d r e n v o iate st outsta ost imp usion of d e ncl em term the mo o h n t i c f l eo sfu e W rce, is n s h t o e f c d n o lear fo an suc o i a t e v a h t e v en ca. rr. Iiteiss t ser eak nuc G b o n i he wea ry y u r w t The o n t e e a h k force or s c controls i b es t i h a l r t r f which a the pro c RN ysics o E C energy duction e of th ces in ph i n the S of n a u v n and s ad W e h t o y r e v o c s i D e h T The Role of UK Scientists ome Twenty-five British scientists played an important part in the remarkable discovery of the W boson. They were led by Professor J D Dowell of Birmingham University, Professor P I P Kalmus of Queen Mary College and Dr A Astbury of Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. The W boson Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

33 It is very encouraging that so many British scientists were in the team that discovered the “W boson”, and I would like to congratulate you and your colleagues from Queen Mary College on your success. I am sure that British physicists will be among the first to unify all the four basic forces From THE PRIME MINISTER 10 Downing Street To Professor P. I. P. Kalmus Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

34 W and Z particles discovered UA 1 Collaboration at CERN Included following members of Queen Mary Peter Kalmus Alan Honma Eric Eisenhandler Richard Keeler Reg Gibson Giordi Salvi Graham Thompson Themis Bowcock Results confirmed by another CERN collaboration, and few years later at Fermilab USA Electroweak unification confirmed Nature’s fundamental forces reduced from 4 to 3 Nobel Prizes Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

35 p. i. p. kalmus@qmul. ac. uk http: //www. ph. qmul. ac. uk Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

36 Big Bang Hot soup ~ 12 billion years Particle physics Recreates conditions of early universe accelerators, detectors Elementary building blocks 6 quarks 6 leptons Fundamental forces Strong Gravity Electroweak + antiparticles + dark matter (gluons) (gravitons) ( g W+ W- Zo) Chemical elements Stars Institute of Physics Particles and the Universe Peter Kalmus Supernova