Status of the Ice Cube Neutrino Observatory Greg

Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory Greg Sullivan University of Maryland 2 nd VERITAS Symposium on Te. V Astrophysics April 24 -26, 2003 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 1

Outline of Talk • Motivation & Ice Cherenkov Technique – Previous Talks • The Ice. Cube Detector • Status & Schedule – Construction & Deployment – Status of Hardware Elements • PMTs and DOM • DAQ, Filtering, Analysis – South Pole 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 2

The Ice. Cube Collaboration (1) Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA (2) Fachbereich 8 Physik, BUGH Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany (3) Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP 230, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium (4) CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA (5) Dept. of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263 -8522 Japan (6) DESY-Zeuthen, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany (7) Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW 7 2 BW, UK (8) Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA (9) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA (10) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA (11) Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA (12) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA (13) Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA (14) Dept. of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA (15) Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany (16) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA (17) University of Mons-Hainaut, 7000 Mons, Belgium (18) Departamento de Fsica, Universidad Simon Bolvar, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela (19) Dept. of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA (20) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA (21) SSEC, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA (22) Physics Dept. , University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022, USA (23) Division of High Energy Physics, Uppsala University, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden (24) Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands (25) Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (26) Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 3

A New Window on the Sky 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 4

With 103 Te. V energy, photons do not reach us from the edge of our galaxy because of their small mean free path in the microwave background. g + g CMB 2/28/2021 + e Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago + e 5

Topics for Ice. Cube • Diffuse Source • Astrophysical Point Source – AGN – GRB • WIMP searches – Earth, Sun • Supernova – To LMC 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 6

• Infrequently, a cosmic neutrino is captured in the ice, i. e. the neutrino interacts with an ice nucleus • In the crash a muon (or electron, or tau) is produced Cherenkov muon light cone interaction Detector • The muon radiates blue light in its wake • Optical sensors capture (and map) the light 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago neutrino 7

Ice. Cube has been designed as a discovery instrument with improved: • telescope area ( > 1 km 2 after all cuts) • detection volume ( > 1 km 3 after all cuts) • energy measurement: secondary muons ( < 0. 3 in ln E) and electromagnetic showers ( < 20% in E) • identification of neutrino flavor • Sub-degree angular resolution (< unavoidable neutrino-muon misalignment) 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 8

Ice. Top AMANDA South Pole Skiway • 80 Strings • 4800 PMT • Instrumented volume: 1 km 3 (1 Gton) • Ice. Cube is designed to detect neutrinos of all flavors at energies from 107 e. V (SN) to 1020 e. V 2/28/2021 1400 m 2400 m Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 9

South Pole Dark sector Skiway AMANDA Dome Ice. Cube 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 10

10 Te. V AMANDA-II µ-event in Ice. Cube 2/28/2021 1 km Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 11

Double Bang Learned, Pakvasa, 1995 t + N --> t- + X t + X (82%) Regeneration makes Earth quasi transparent for high energie ; (Halzen, Salzberg 1998, …) Also enhanced muon flux due to Secondary µ, and µ (Beacom et al. . , astro/ph 0111482) E << 1 Pe. V: Single cascade (2 cascades coincide) E ≈ 1 Pe. V: Double bang E >> 1 Pe. V: partially contained (reconstruct incoming tau track Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2/28/2021 from decay) and cascade nd 2 VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 12

Neutrino ID (solid) Energy and angle (shaded) 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 13

Effective Area of Ice. Cube 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 14

Muon Events Eµ=10 Te. V ≈ 90 hits 2/28/2021 Eµ=6 Pe. V ≈ 1000 hits Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 15

Event rates before and after energy cut Note: 300, 000 atmospheric neutrinos per year (Te. V range) 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 16

Angular Resolution Wave fo inform rm a not u tion se Will im d. p resolu rove t high e ion for nergi es ! 0. 8° 0. 6° 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 17

compare AMANDA sensitivity Mrk 501 gamma ray flux field of view: continuous 24 h x 2 p sr (northern sky) AMANDA B 10 AMANDA II 2000 PRELIMINARY Sensitivity of 3 years of Ice. Cube 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 18

Neutralino capture and annihilation rc c Sun sscatt velocity distribution Earth interactions m int. m int. Gcapture Gannihilation 2/28/2021 Detector Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago m 19

WIMPs from the Sun with Ice. Cube J. Edsjö, 2000 • Ice. Cube will significantly improve the sensitivity. • Similar sensitivity to next generation direct experiments such as GENIUS 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 20

Status of Ice. Cube Construction • • Approved by National Science Board Startup funding is allocated (in year 2) Full MRE in Budget to start FY 04 Construction in preparation – Enhanced Hotwater Drill deployment 03/04 • Construction of strings starts in 04/05 • Then 16 strings per season, increased rate may be possible 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 21

Hot Water Drill to be deployed to South Pole in 2003 -2004 season 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 22

Ice. Cube 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 23

Counting House 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 24

String Deployment 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 25

DAQ design: Digital Optical Module - PMT pulses are digitized in the Ice Design parameters: • Time resolution: < 5 ns rms • Waveform capture: >250 MHz for first 500 ns ~ 40 MHz for 5000 ns • Dynamic Range: > 200 PE / 15 ns > 2000 PE / 5000 ns • Dead-time: < 1% • OM noise rate: < 500 Hz (40 K in glass sphere) 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 26

C 3 16. 5 m 0. 5 m OM 4 Main Cable 17. 0 m OM 3 • Optical Module Configuration 17. 0 m Breakouts every 68 m Few main connector 15/string 4 OM are hardwired together OM 2 Quad Breakout 17. 0 m C 1 0. 5 m OM 1 0. 5 m C 2 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 27

Optical Module 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 28

Optical Module HV Generator Board for “passive base” configuration PMT HV Base Board LED Modules Flasher Board DOM Main Board Delay Board 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 29

Readout Electronics 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 30

DOM Delay Board 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 31

DOM Flasher Board 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 32

DAQ, Online filter Data Rates • Raw: ~4 MB/s • Reconstructed: 100 GB/day Tape • Filtered: 10 GB/day Satellite 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 33

Logistics of South Pole 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 34

Mc. Murdo 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 35

2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 36

The South Pole 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 37

The Dome 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 38

Summary • Ice. Cube will be a multipurpose neutrino detector covering a wide range of energies and provide particle ID over much of the range. • Size and quality provides sensitivity in discovery range • NSB approved • MRE is in FY 04 budget • Construction in preparation with HW drill deployment in 03/04 and first strings in 04/05 season 2/28/2021 Status of the Ice. Cube Neutrino Observatory 2 nd VERITAS Symposium - Chicago 39