Extreme Light Infrastructure Nuclear Physics ELINP Nuclear Photonics

Extreme Light Infrastructure Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP): Nuclear Photonics, New Isotopes by Fission-Fusion, and Fundamental Physics D. Habs LMU München • Fakultät f. Physik Max-Planck-Institut f. Quantenoptik Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 1

Outline Ø Nuclear Photonics • • • Ø New nuclear physics with the APOLLON laser • • Ø From TNSA to light pressure acceleration of ions Fission fusion and the N = 126 waiting point of the r-process Fundamental physics = physics of the vacuum • • Dietrich Habs g facilities: ELI-NP, MEGa-Ray, HIg. S, ILL g beam optics: refractive lenses crystal monochromators g diagnostics Nuclear physics and applications: NRF scissors mode Medical isotopes QOC two phonon mode Brilliant neutron source Pygmy dipole mode Medical isotopes giant resonance mode Brilliant high-energy g production and pair creation in vacuum Detection of new elementary particles by high-power lasers NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 2

Major components of ELI-NP APOLLON laser stand alone g beam stand-alone • 2∙ 10 PW • Emax = 13 Me. V (19 Me. V) • 15 fs • 12 k. Hz • ~ 1/min • ring-down cavity for photons • 1024 W/cm 2 • warm electron linac, 600 Me. V • 2. 5× 1015 V/m • high brilliance (DEg/Eg ≥ 10– 3) • high flux Company: Thales 1 st funding until 2015 2 nd funding 2015 -2020 1 st period: 3 PW Dietrich Habs (I = 1013 s– 1) APOLLON + e beam • Eg ≈ 100– 500 Me. V • ~ 1/min • flux: Ig = 106 / 15 fs • pair creation: 1024 W/cm 2 + 500 Me. V g NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 3

Layout ELI-NP August 2011 2 x APOLLON g beam + electron beam Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 4

HIg. S Storage ring + cavity Present: Future HIg. S upgrade: Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 5

g beam at ILL reactor via (n, g) reaction 1016 g/s collimators 10 m Area = 1 mm 2 ; q = 100 mrad 107 g/s BW = 10– 6 = Doppler broadening 2 crystal monochromators with BW = 10 -3 Disadvantage: Advantage: Dietrich Habs Fixed g energies, shifted by g recoil high-resolution double crystal spectrometer GAMS, BW = 10 -6, 10 nrad NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 6

Refractive g lens (I) RL RL = radius of curvature ≈ R = radius of beamlet Well established up to 200 ke. V, cheap, stable to vibrations G. Vaughan et al. , J. Synchr. Rad. 18, 125 (2011). Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 7

Refractive g lens (II) Nanofocusing lenses Lenses made of silicon. Ch. Schroer et al. , APL 82, 1485 (2003). Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 8

Refractive g lens (III) ID 15 – ESRF, Grenoble Up to 250 ke. V g lenses work as predicted. F = 1013 g/s @ 1 mm 2, bandwidth 10– 2 Changing Eg → changing no. of lenses N for fixed focal length G. Vaughan et al. , J. Synchr. Rad. 18, 125 (2011). Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 9

Gamma lenses Index of refraction and absorption nuclear resonance Si nanotechnology exists, extension from 0. 2 Me. V to several Me. V. d measurement at ILL in July 2011. Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 10

Simple g-lens system for MEGa-Ray FWHM = 4. 4 mm xy RL = 2 mm parallel beam source f = 2. 3 m 10 × 2 D circular Lengler lenses RB = 1 mm RL = 0. 3 mm prefocusing system 2. 5 cm Al x y Eg = 477. 6 ke. V 7 Li collimator 1000 × 1 D lenses RB = 30 mm RL = 12 mm 2× 8. 4 cm Si Request: high brilliance, small opening angle Result: dynamic monochromatization, parallel small-diameter beam, reduced intensity for detectors g optics: large length (> 10 m), similar to hard x-rays, we can even get coherent g-ray beams Experiment: Dietrich Habs 478 ke. V ILL, 1. 8 Me. V HIg. S NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 11

Double crystal monochromator GAMS, ILL Single crystal – resolution is defined by beam divergence: h/L TOO LARGE for e. V resolution ~ 1 mrad FWHM Dietrich Habs ~ 10 nrad Double Crystal Spectrometer: • First Crystal defines beam axis with nrad • Bragg Angle is measured @ second crystal • Resolution is energy independent -6 • Resolution: DE/E NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h ~ 10 12

Performance of GAMS monochromator Diffraction efficiency of a 2. 5 mm Si 220 @ 0. 8 Me. V Energy Resolution of a 2. 5 mm Si 220 @ 1. 1 Me. V 4. 5 e. V @ 1. 1 Me. V Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 22% @ 0. 8 Me. V 13

New g diagnostics 1000 -fold improved resolution Ø Spatial resolution Typical segmented nuclear g detectors (Ge, La. Br 3) have a spatial resolution of ~ 1 mm for 0. 5 Me. V because the Compton electrons have a range of ~ 5 mm. CCD or imaging plates have mm resolution but without g energy measurement. We want to resolve a g beam diameter of ~ 1 mm to 1 nm from our lenses, using mm to nm structured targets with nuclear resonance fluorescence isotopes, e. g. scanning the focal spot for a specific g energy. Ø Energy resolution Usual Ge detectors have 10 -3 energy resolution; nuclear levels have a typical thermal Doppler broadening of 10 -6. We want to measure this with lenses and Laue crystals (ILL, M. Jentschel). The crystal spectrometers have an absolute ~ 10 nrad angular measurement resolution. We want to use g beams with 10 -6 bandwidth with variable energy (ILL, fixed energy). Ø Large background suppression Small BW beams tuned to nuclear resonance show a strong suppression of atomic background like Compton scattering. High intensity is reduced by BW to value tolerable for detectors. Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 14

Applications of nucl. physics Nuclear excitations Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 15

Photonuclear reactions Doorway states Halo isomers Shape isomers Spin isomers Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 16

Nuclear res. fluorescence M 1 scissors mode 1/2– 478 3/2– 7 Li Extension up to 4 Me. V: § 239 Pu and 235 U 237 Np, 241 Am, 243 Am, 244 Cm, 247 Cm § Minor actinides: § Fission fragments: 137 Cs, 129 I, 99 Tc § 7 Li: Li batteries, antidepressiva medication T. Hayakawa et al. , NIM A 621, 695 (2010). Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 17

Doorway state (I) Spin isomers, 2 -phonon resonance E 2 E 1 Strong E 1 excitation from ground state spin. Quadrupole de-excitations to octupole states. 50 new nuclear radioisotopes for therapy and diagnostics. (patent ILL + LMU), HIg. S + ILL GAMS Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 18

Doorway state (II) Halo isomers, pygmy resonance Halo isomers exist. 1019 x more brilliant micro neutron beams. (patent Siemens – LMU). Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 19

Neutron experiments Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 20

Doorway state (III) Shape isomers, lower giant dipole resonance Expected: 100 x stronger E 1 in 2 nd and 3 rd minimum Spectroscopy of transmission resonances in fission g spectroscopy of transmission resonances in 2 nd & 3 rd min. Resonances with strong E 1 will be important for transmutation of minor actinides. Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 21

Medical radioisotopes (II) (g, 2 n) reaction 44 Ti/44 Sc 46 Ti(g, 2 n)44 Ti (60 a) generator Long-lived generator for hospital, Continuous production of 44 Sc 2∙ 511 ke. V + 1157 ke. V Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 22

44 Ti/44 Sc g-PET generator Measure momentum of Compton electron in strongly pixeled detectors Determine direction and position of 1157 ke. V γ PET = Positron Emission Tomography Better resolution, less dose Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 23

Positron source NEPOMUC at reactor FRM II + ELI-NP Ig = 9∙ 1015/s Ie+ = 9∙ 108 s– 1 B = 4∙ 105/(mm 2 mrad 2 e. V s) emod = 3∙ 10 -6 C. Hugenschmidt et al. , NIM A 554, 384 (2005). Ig = 1013/s Ie+ = 3∙ 109 s– 1 B = 2∙ 106/(mm 2 mrad 2 e. V s) emod = 2∙ 10 -3 Dt = 1 -2 ps (pulsed) Switchable polarization W-foil e+ g Self-moderation, negative electron affinity e+ range = 100 mm C. Hugenschmidt, K. Schreckenbach, D. Habs, P. Thirolf, Appl. Phys. B, submitted ar. Xiv: 1103. 0513 v 1 [nucl-ex] Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 24

Laser acceleration schemes Former schemes Ion acceleration TNSA (target-normal sheath acceleration) • Low conversion efficiency • Huge lasers are required S. C. Wilks et al. , Phys. Plasmas 8, 542 (2001). Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 25

New Acceleration Mechanism Radiation Pressure Acceleration (RPA) Optimum ion acceleration ions Optimum electron acceleration electrons for Normalized areal electron density: = dimensionless Normalized vector potential: S. G. Rykovanov et al. , New J. Phys. 10, 113005 (2008). Dietrich Habs O. Klimo et al. , Phys. Rev. ST AB 11, 031301 (2008). NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 26

Radiation pressure acceleration (RPA) Cold compression of electron sheet. Rectified dipole field between electrons and ions. Neutral bunch of ions + electrons accelerated. Solid-state density: 1024 e cm– 3 Classical bunches: 108 e cm– 3 Very efficient! Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 27

Fission-fusion reaction very neutron-rich nuclei a) Fission H, C, O + Th → FL + FH fission fragments in target 232 Th + 232 Th → fission of beam in F + F L H Reaction of radioactive short-lived light fission fragments of beam + Radioactive short-lived light fission fragments of the target b) Fusion: FL + FL → Dietrich Habs AZ ≈ 18580 nuclei close to N=126 waiting point FL + FH → 232 Th old nuclei FH + FH → unstable NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 28

Chart of the Nuclides r-process and waiting points Fission-fusion with very dense beams Radioactive targets + radioactive beam • Superheavies: Z = 110, T 1/2 = 109 a ? • recycling of fission fragments ? Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 29

Pair creation Nonperturbative tunneling process For E << ES exponentially strong suppression Dynamically assisted pair creation: R. Schützhold et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 130404 (2008) G. V. Dunne et al. , Phys. Rev. D 80, 111301(R) (2009) High field + high g energy: N. B. Narozhny, Zh. Eksp. Teo. Fiz. 54, 676 (1968). Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 30

Hard g + pair production N. Elkina + H. Ruhl Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 31

Fundamental particle Detection with high-power lasers 2 J 2 k. J K. Homma, D. Habs, T. Tajima, ar. Xiv: 1103. 17482 v 2 Dietrich Habs NUSTAR, Bucharest, Oct 21, 2011, 10: 40 h 32