Industrialization Man and Machine John Stevenson 2020 Started

Industrialization: Man and Machine © John Stevenson, 2020

• Started in England of the late 1700’s – Island – Relative peace in cities – Sea trade • Technological innovations – Coal instead of wood – Machines instead of manpower – Inorganic instead of organic

• Urban industry • Long hour/low wages • Women & children

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Pre-Industrial Age Clothing & textiles made by hand Clothing & textiles made by machine Skilled craftsmen Relatively unskilled workers Workers made their own hours Workers required to work “on the clock” Agricultural economy Urban economy

1812 - 1870 • British novelist • Pictured forgotten poor – Christmas Carol – Oliver Twist – Tale of Two Cities – Hard Times • Imaginary city of Coketown • Mill workers: Hands

1809 -1882 • Five-year voyage aboard HMS Beagle • “Origin of the Species” “The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us; and I for one must be content to remain an agnostic. ”

Man is not a finished product incapable of further progress. He has a long history behind him, and it is a history not of a fall, but of an ascent. Sir Julian Huxley

• Professor of Applied Mathematics at University College in London • Social Darwinism: Evolutionary thought applied to ethnic peoples • Speech at Newcastle (1900): National Life from the Standpoint of Science

“History shows me one way, and one way only, in which a high state of civilization has been produced, namely, the struggle of race with race, and the survival of the physically and mentally fitter race (pg 19). ”

“If you bring the white man into contact with the black, you too often suspend the very process of natural selection on which the evolution of a higher type depends. You get superior and inferior races living on the same soil, and that co-existence is demoralizing for both. They naturally sink into the position of master and servant, if not admittedly or covertly into that of slave-owner and slave (pg 20). ”

“This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly black as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal (pg 24). ”

“The path of progress is strewn with the wreck of nations; traces are everywhere to be seen of the hecatombs of inferior races, and of victims who found not the narrow way to the greater perfection. Yet these dead peoples are, in very truth, the stepping-stones on which mankind has arisen to the higher intellectual and deeper emotional life of today (pg 62). ”

Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go send your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child

Take up the White Man’s burden— And reap his old reward: The blame of those ye better The hate of those ye guard— The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah slowly) to the light: "Why brought ye us from bondage, “Our loved Egyptian night? ”

1844 - 1900 • • • German philosopher “God is dead” Übermensch: Super men – Mercy and kindness are inferior qualities – Necessity to evolve – Willingness to transcend weak moral systems

• The “Gay 90’s” • The highest level of… – Literacy – Technology – Productivity of labor – Public hygiene – Longevity • The rise of merit versus aristocracy

• London: Financial center of the world – “The sun never sets on the British empire” • Paris: Center of western culture • Germany: Industrial center of the world

• • • Rise of the middle class Importance of money versus land Strict moral code – Victorian era – Temperance movements – Religious • Role of women – Family

• The “Grand Tour” – Thomas Cook: Pioneer in tourism – First guidebook written

• Nationalism – Unification of • • Italy (1870) Germany (1871) Serbia (1878) Norway (1905) – Political unification versus people groups

• Historical limitations upon the Jews – Prohibited from owning land – Money-lending & banking

• Historical limitations upon the Jews – Prohibited from owning land – Money-lending & banking • Stereotypes • Russian Pogroms 1873

• Historical limitations upon the Jews – Prohibited from owning land – Money-lending & banking • • • Stereotypes Russian Pogroms Capt. Alfred Dreyfus

• Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations (1776) – Supply and demand (money has no intrinsic value) – Laissez faire economics – Private ownership requires civil government • Thomas Malthus: Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) • Irish Potato Famine (1845 -1849)

1818 - 1883 • German student of law and philosophy • Moved to London • Worked with Friedrich Engels • Books – Communist Manifesto – Das Kapital

Communist Manifesto • All of history is the story of a class struggle • The rich minority always oppress the poor majority • Things will only change by means of violence • This will be led by workers

Communist Manifesto “A specter is haunting Europe – the specter of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich, and Guizot, French Radicals and German Police-spies. ”

Communist Manifesto “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf, guildmaster and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed…. ”

Communist Manifesto “…stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes. ”

Communist Manifesto “The theory of Communism may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition of private property. ”

Communist Manifesto “Let the ruling classes tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Working men of all countries, unite!”

The Plan • A revolution must take place to destroy the existing order • A dictator must take power and exercise complete dominion over every aspect of people’s lives • Everyone lives happily ever after

Definitions • Proletariat: Worker who owns little or no property • Bourgeoisie: Materialist middle class who owns means of production • Bolshevik: Majority • Menshevik: Minority

A Planned Vision • Revolution overthrows government • Dictator(s) gain complete control over all personal choices • Collectivization of all property & wealth • Utopia

Communism Capitalism Ownership of trade and industry by government Ownership of trade and industry by private individuals Redistribution of income Income determined by self effort Promotion of equality Promotion of self initiative

1870 - 1924 • Wealthy family • Brother executed for plot to assassinate Tsar • Adopted teachings of Marx • Returned to Russia after Tsar deposed in February 1917 • Led Coup in October 1917 • Withdrew from WW 1

1870 - 1924 • Lands belonging to aristocracy and church nationalized • Press restricted • Laws replaced with “revolutionary conscience” • Red terror: Mass executions • Gulag: Forced-labor camps

1870 - 1924 In dealing with the issue, Lenin was candid. He stated, “One therefore cannot deny the justice of [the] remark that in ‘Marxism itself there is not a grain of ethics from beginning to end’” (James Gregor).

1870 - 1924 Lenin taught us to be merciless towards the enemies of the revolution, and millions of people had to be eliminated in order to secure the victory of the October Revolution. (Nur Muhammed Taraki)

Is freedom a universally held value?

Ivan the Great married niece of Constantine XI

How did the Russian heritage prepare her people to accept communism?

1864 - 1920 • German sociologist • Wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism – Coined the term “Protestant Work Ethic” • Saw success of capitalism as unintended result of Protestant Reformation

1864 - 1920 Man works to live Man lives to work

Protestant Work Ethic Protestant Word Ethic

“One of the things we [Chinese scholars] were asked to look into was what accounted for the success, in fact the preeminence of the West over the world. ”

“We studied everything we could from the historical, political, economic, and cultural perspective. At first, we thought it was because you had more powerful guns than we had. ”

“Then we thought it was because you had the best political system. Next we focused on the economic system. But in the past twenty years, we have realized that the heart of your culture is your religion: Christianity. ”

“That is why the West is so powerful. The Christian moral foundation of social and cultural life was what made possible the emergence of capitalism and then the successful transition to democratic politics. We don’t have any doubt about this. ”

“…the spirit of capitalism was bound to destroy its Protestant ethic parent”

Mexico China Russia Iran 1910 - 1920 1911 - 1949 1917 1979 Started with quest for political and land reforms Attempt to establish western democracy; turned communist Revolt against tsarist regime in favor of communism Islamic revolution against western influence Lenin Ayatollah Khomeini Pancho Villa Mao

• Revolutions do not take place in a weak regime • Revolutions normally require a large group who believe that violence is legitimate • Revolutions require a shared ideology • Each of these revolutions were influenced by undue Western influence Peter Stearns, George Mason University