CHAPTER 23 2 INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS Industrialization

CHAPTER 23 -2 INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS

• Industrialization improved firearms, which became more accurate and faster loading. – Winchester, and Krupp and Mauser, invented repeating rifles. – Recoil cylinder made field artillery more accurate and “rapid-fire. ” – Most significant development was the machine gun, invented by Hiram Maxim. • First fired in 1884, and was to be the deadliest weapon even created.

The Social and Economic Impact of Industrialism: 1750– 1914 • Industrialized nations experienced rapid population growth and urbanization. – Industrial production and improved agriculture provided more jobs and food to support a larger population. – Medical and sanitation advances contributed to increasing population. • By late nineteenth century, Britain was the first nation to have more urban than rural inhabitants. • Emigration from Europe also increased, from less developed to more industrialized areas and to America. • Railroads and steamships made this process easier.

• Middle class set the cultural and moral standards of the late nineteenth century. • Divided into wealthy industrialists and professionals at the top, with tradesmen and handcrafters at the bottom. • Emphasized respectability, family, and industriousness.

• Working class divided into skilled and unskilled labor. – Lives regulated by the factory schedule and exchanging labor for wages. – Harsh working conditions: dangerous machinery, long hours, and low wages. – In the early 1800 s women and children made up most of the workforce. • Less trained and thus less expensive to hire than male workers. – Conditions particularly bad in the mines, with heavy work and little ventilation.

• Cities near factories often polluted from coal smoke and other industrial production. • Sanitation limited, and with large populations, outbreaks of cholera, typhus, and tuberculosis were common. • Living conditions were crowded and unsanitary. • Friedrich Engels wrote a scathing attack on industrial culture in 1845.

• Utopian Socialists criticized working-class living conditions and industrial abuses. – Saint-Simon (1760 -1825) argued for a more equitable distribution of private property. – Louis Blanc (1811 -1882) wanted to extend voting rights to workers in France. – Chartism in Britain also advocated for extending voting rights. • Robert Owen (1771 -1858) created Grand National Consolidated Trades Union and tried to organize a national strike.

• Karl Marx studied the working and living conditions of workers in Manchester. – Developed theory of scientific socialism, of all history was class struggles. – Believed that revolution was the method by which the working class, or proletariat, would overthrow the capitalists. – Promoted theory of dialectical materialism in 1848, collaborating with Engels.

• Karl Marx (1818 -1883) • Economics drives everything • Class struggle • History is inevitable

• Governments were also concerned about living and working conditions. – Britain’s Parliament passed the Factory Act in 1833. • Fixed number of hours and minimum age at nine for child labor. • After 1830 s conditions for female workers improved and more jobs were available. – New technologies, such as the typewriter, offered women more jobs. – Women still lacked political power and economic independence. – Suffrage movements, advocating for the right to vote, were popular.

• Living conditions improved with better sanitation. – Public Health Act in Britain, 1848, was followed by the creation of public water services in 1860 s and 1870 s. – In the 1880 s electrical lighting replaced gaslights. • Paris rebuilt in 1850 s and 1860 s, under Georges Haussman, urban planner. – Streets were widened, buildings modernized, and public parks added. – Improved city and made it easier to control public demonstrations.

• Scale of business increased, as governments tended to follow a laissez-faire liberalism. • Companies had monopolies on industries and owners became very wealthy.

Intellectual and Cultural Responses in the Age of Industrialism • Late-nineteenth-century experimentation and discovery in the nature of matter. – Hendrik Lorentz, 1892, proved that the atom was made up of smaller particles. – Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays. – Antoine Becquerel and Marie Curie found radioactivity in uranium and radium. – In 1900, Planck’s Quantum Theory explains that energy is emitted in bursts. • Suggests that matter and energy are interchangeable.

• Albert Einstein debunked the Newtonian theory of absolute, mechanistic universe. – Einstein theorized in his theory of relativity that there are no absolutes of time, space, and motion. – Formula of E = MC 2 suggests that matter and energy were equivalent. – Small amounts of matter could be converted into great amounts of energy. • Led to the discovery of nuclear weapons in the twentieth century.

• Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution based on observations in the Pacific. – Darwin took part in an exploratory sailing mission on the Beagle, 1831– 1836. • Theory of evolution also discovered separately by Alfred Russell Wallace. • Both men suggested that species were changed the struggle for food.

• Darwin’s theory had three principle clauses. – In nature, more species appear than be supported by existing food. – Species struggle to survive the shortness of food. – Subtle mutations that aid in survival aid a species to survive.

• Darwin’s theory controversial because he argued for a natural selection process without any plan by a divine being. • Herbert Spencer applied Darwin’s theories to societies and nations. – Social Darwinism applied to races, ethnicities, and peoples. – Used to justify imperialism and violent nationalism.

• Nineteenth century psychologists interested in unconscious impulses and insanity. • Sigmund Freud invented psychoanalysis for treating emotionally disturbed. • Freud stressed the dominance of unconscious sexual urges and motivations in driving human behavior.

• Scientific–industrial society caused many to question their sense of purpose. • Friedrich Nietzsche criticized modern industrial society as decadent. • Questioned whether Western Civilization really embodied “progress. ” • Denied the concept of rational thought as the path to truth. • Only the “will” leads one to truth and will improve the individual.

• Protestant leaders sought accommodation with science, except with Darwinism. • Roman Catholic Church first opposed new science, then under Pope Leo XIII (1878– 1903) opened up a Vatican office to study science. • Pope Pius X (1903– 1914) went back to opposing science.

• Writers generally despaired of the materialism of the later industrial revolution. – Thomas Hardy’s novels reflect the futility of fighting modernity. – George Bernard Shaw mocked the shallowness of fin-de-siècle society. – Decadence and Symbolism were literary genres that represented extreme reactions to industrialization.

“Pornocrates” by Félicien Rops (1833 -1898)

Symbolism “In this art, scenes from nature, human activities, and all other real world phenomena will not be described for their own sake; here, they are perceptible surfaces created to represent their esoteric affinities with the primordial Ideals. ” Jean Moréas, 1886 “Death of the Grave Digger” Carlos Schwabe, 1895

• Impressionist painters and then Post-Impressionists rejected middle-class conventions. – Emphasis on subjective interpretations from the perspective of the artist. • Vincent van Gogh was a Post-Impressionist, represents a reaction against modernity. • Other schools, such as Cubism, were increasingly experimental.

Claude Monet (1840 -1926)

Vincent Van Gough (1853 -1890)

Pablo Picasso (1881 -1973)

• Two musical responses to the scientific–industrial society emerged. • Modernism was tied to cultural developments and allied with Impressionism. – Mahler, Strauss, Debussy • Primitivism took a more experimental approach and rejected formal structure. – Stravinsky