Industrialization and Reform Essential Questions How did industrialization

Industrialization and Reform Essential Questions How did industrialization, social reform, and political movements influence the direction of American life? How did people respond to the new challenges of industrial life?

3 Revolutions (1820 s-1850 s) • Economic – inventions/factories • Social Reform – changes in how people worked/lived • Political – rise of sectionalism (north v. south) and nationalism (pride in US)

A Market Society • The Factory System – Samuel Slater established America’s first factory in 1790 – First large-scale American factory (1814 Waltham, MA) • Lowell followed – “interchangeable parts” that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products – South lags behind North Spinning Jenny

Lowell Mills

Boott Mill (1835)

The Locks at Lowell (32 ft. drop). Merrimack River

Lowell Mills What do the girls’ expressions indicate about factory life?

Morning Bell at Lowell 1 st Ring 4: 30 Last Ring 10: 00

Lowell Boardinghouse

Lowell Factory Church (1825)

Samuel Morse and his Telegraph

A New Economy • Transportation – Improvements costs and linked farmers to markets – Improved water transportation did most • Steamboat/ canals • increased the speed • lowered expense of commerce $100 to $6 / ton – – Railroads Telegraph

Travel During the Erie Canal Era Dirt Road (freight) Canal (freight) Method Wagon 8 Horses Line Boat 2 Mules Amount of Time 15 -45 Days 9 Days Cost $100/Ton $6/Ton

Various Canals from 1800 s

A New Economy (con’t) • Inventions – Eli Whitney’s cotton gin – Mc. Cormick’s reaper • Unfree Westward Movement – ~1 million slaves moved from to the Deep South between 1800 and 1860 – Slave trading became a well-organized business – Cotton became the empire of liberty’s most important export