Industrialization and Urbanization 1 Industrialization Urbanization 2 phases

Industrialization and Urbanization 1

Industrialization & Urbanization • 2 phases of industrialization: – Phase 1 1860 -1900 – Phase 2 1901 -1929 • 1870 -1901: – The National Policy helps Canadian industries do well protects them against U. S. competition • Industries start to change… • Artisans (make products one at a time) factories (mass production make a lot in a day)

Industrialization & Urbanization Ingredients for industrialization: 1. Cheap labour (workers) immigrants / french Canadians 2. Capital($$$) money to invest 3. Raw materials (wood, leather, etc. ) 4. Transportation Railways / boats 5. Energy Coal / steam engines 6. A place to sell your products / goods « market »

Industrialization & Urbanization • Industries / factories started using steam engines • Steam engines allow for more products to be made in one day • Steam engines needed lots of coal to power them

Industrialization & Urbanization • Who profited from industrialization? • In Québec: Montréal a big city with a large population « cheap labour » , railways that connect with the rest of Canada, access to a port to ship products by boat, people that can invest money in industries • The Rest of Canada: The province of Ontario (Toronto) benefits the most

Domaine Caractéristiques Technologie Moteur a vapeur utilise charbon Capital ($$$) Majoritairement anglais hommes anglais son les propriétaires des industries Transport Chemin de fer pour transporter les matières premières et produits manufacturer Choix du site pour les usines/ industries En villes (Montréal, etc. ) proche de bassin de population/ligne de chemin de fer/transport maritime Champs de l’industrialisation Alimentation, cuir, textile, vêtement, bois, fer, acier Marché visé Marché local / Canadienne Main-d'œuvre (gens qui travaille dans les usines) “CHEAP LABOUR”

Artisans no machines Before the first stage of industrialization

From Artisans to Industrialization

Montreal access to ports and railways

Factories Using machines powered by steam engines

Stitching collars on mens’ shirts (Montreal)

Large factory in Montreal

Machines powered by steam engines

Investing money: Montreal Stock Exchange & Banks

Year People working Total in industry population of Quebec Percentage of workers in industry 1831 15, 600 890, 000 1. 8% 1861 25, 300 1, 112, 000 2. 3% 1871 39, 000 1, 192, 000 3. 3% 1881 53, 700 1, 359, 000 4. 0% 1891 73, 600 1, 489, 000 4. 9% 1901 129, 000 1, 649, 000 7. 8%

Industrialization & Urbanization • Urbanization people moving into cities / cities getting bigger • Industrialization = more jobs = more workers needed = URBANIZATION cities get BIGGER! • No work in rural areas (farms) people move to cities for work • Industrialization made people move to cities faster

Urban population of the province of Quebec 1851 1871 1901 14. 9% 19. 9% 36. 1% Population of Montréal 57, 715 107, 225 277, 730 Population of Québec (city) 42, 052 59, 699 68, 840 Population of Sherbrooke 2, 998 4, 432 11, 765

Industrialization & Urbanization Living in cities difficult life for most… Living conditions in cities (1870 s-1901): Poor hygienic conditions City services do not meet demands garbage collection, sewer system, outdoor toilets. • Affluence (being rich) VS. Poverty • •

Industrialization & Urbanization Situation for the poor: Houses too close to each other fire hazards Flooding in the spring Bad ventilation in houses people get very sick/ tuberculosis / typhoid/ scarlet fever • Horrible smells houses close to barns, slaughter houses • Wealthy people large houses, good food, ect. • •

Home of a lower class family (or families) in Montreal late 1800 s

Home of a lower class family (or families) in Montreal late 1800 s

Home of an upper class family in Montreal late 1800 s

Home of an upper class family in Montreal late 1800 s

Living room of an upper class family in Montreal late 1800 s

Cartoon showing the situation in industrial / lower class neighborhoods in Montreal • not sanitary • diseases death

Industrialization & Urbanization Working conditions for the factory worker: • Work week = 6 days (60 to 72 hours) • No social security if you lose your job… • Children working in factories • Punishment of fines for bosses if you make a mistake • Dangerous conditions too cold / hot, injuries from the machines, etc. • Supervisors harass / beat workers

Industrialization & Urbanization • Children started working at 8 years old to help the family « make ends meet » • Woman were asked (forced) to work up to 72 hours a week • Employers preferred women and children as workers they were more docile and easier to control

Weekly salaries in Montréal 1889 Type of work Men Women Children Cotton weaving $4. 80 -$6. 00 $4. 50 -$4. 80 $1. 50 -$5. 00 clothing $6. 00 -$9. 00 $3. 50 -$5. 00 ------ Tobacco $6. 00 -$8. 50 $1. 50 -$3. 75 $1. 50 -$5. 00 Shoe making $6. 00 -$16. 00 $1. 50 -$7. 00 ------

Industrialization & Urbanization Working condition for women (1850 -1901) • Almost the same work as men paid 60% the • • salary of a man… Role of the woman at home: mother, wife, procreation (have lots of babies) Aged quickly stress, children, work Preassure from the Catholic church have big families Women in the church nuns…

Industrialisation & Urbanisation • Women considered an inferior • Women left the tough life of the city and factories became nuns • Number of nuns in Québec in 1851 650 • In 1901 6, 628 • Womens’ right to vote NO!