Industrialization Enclosures Railroad Urbanization Factory Life Industrialization and

Industrialization, Enclosures, Railroad, Urbanization, Factory Life Industrialization and the Race for Empire

Industrial Revolution �Industrialization: The process of developing machine production of goods Pre Revolution = things made by hand: including textiles: Blankets/Clothing/ect. �The Industrial Revolution increased the output of machine-made goods.

The Beginnings of Industrialization �The Agricultural Revolution Paves the way: Wealthy land owners bought small farms from poor villagers and created larger fields. Enclosures (Large enclosed fields) ▪ Allowed landowners to experiment with new techniques ▪ Forced small farmers to move to the cities

The Beginnings of Industrialization �Crop Rotation: Rotate crops to replenish the soil �Livestock: Only allow the best to breed Increased the meat yield

England �The industrial revolution began in England because: Large Population Willingness to Invest Political Stability Extensive Natural Resources ▪ Water power and coal to fuel new machines ▪ Iron Ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings ▪ Rivers for inland transportation ▪ Harbors from which merchants ships set sail

Factors of Production �The resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required: Land Labor Capital (Wealth)

Inventions Spur Industrialization �Textile Industry Inventions The Flying Shuttle The Spinning Jenny �Factories Needed to be located by water �Transportation Water Transportation: Steam Engines and Canals Road Transportation: Large stones below the road for drainage

Railroads � The invention and perfection of the locomotive had at least 4 major effects: Cheap way to transport materials and finished products Hundreds of thousands of new jobs for railroad workers and miners Boosted Agriculture and Fishing Industries who could transport goods to distant cities Travel Easier: Take Distant City Jobs or Vacations to the countryside

Railroad Advertisement Your job is to create an advertisement for a railroad company. � Consider the types of people whose lives were affected by the railroads. � Your advertisement should focus on attracting one of these groups. � You should have a catch phrase, a list of benefits, images, color, etc. �

Industrialization Changes Life � Urbanization: City Building and the movement of people to cities Cities with over 100, 000 inhabitants grew from 22 to 47 Factories built near sources of energy London’s population doubled the population of Paris

Living Conditions Rapid growth = no development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes � Lack of housing, education, and police protection � Widespread sickness: Deadly epidemics swept through the slums: cholera Life Span: 17 yrs for working class in a city, 38 in a rural area �

Factory Life To increase production, factory owners ran machines as many hours as possible ▪ 14 hrs/day, 6 hrs/week � Factories were dangerous Not well lit Very dirty Machine injuries Conditions were the worst in coal mines ▪ Women and Children were the cheapest form of labor

Class Tensions Grow Despite poverty stricken working class, wealth poured into the country � Belonged to the middle class: a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business-people, and wealthy farmers � Some grew wealthier than landowners and aristocrats � They were still considered more inferior until the late 1800’s �

Class Tensions Grow The Middle Class: Upper-Govt. employees, doctors, lawyers, factory managers Lower-Factory overseers, skilled workers � The Working Class: Laborers: 1800 -1850’s poor working and living conditions � ▪ Machines took their jobs ▪ Luddites attacked whole factories

Labor Unions and Reform Laws �Workers joined together in voluntary labor associations called unions. Step 1: Negotiations Step 2: Strike-refuse to work ▪ Painful growth �Reform Laws ▪ Child labor: 9 and under illegal (9 -12: 8 hrs/day)(13 -17: 12 hrs/day) ▪ Coal Mines: 1842 Mines Act

Reform Movement Spreads �The Abolition of Slavery 1833 Led by William Wilberforce �Women’s Rights Equal Pay: 1/3 rd of men’s salaries Suffrage Community centers in the slums �Prisons and Schools Preparation for citizenship Fix brutal conditions in prisons

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution � Created Jobs and Wealth � Fostered technological progress � Increased production of Goods Cheaper products � Raised the standard of living � Provided hope of improvement � Laborers eventually won higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions

Capitalism �An economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit. ▪ The laissez-faire- “let do” or “hands off government” = NO Government regulations = prospering economy

Capitalism � Adam Smith- The Wealth of Nations , 1776 � Three laws of economics The law of self interest- people work for their own good The law of competitionforces people to make a better product The law of supply and demand

Socialism �Economic system where the factors of production are owned by the state and operate for the welfare of all Began as a result of Industrialization Belief in progress and a concern for social justice. Govt. should plan the economy and control industries Help workers who at the mercy of their employers

Communism: Radical Socialism �The Communist Manifesto-1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Society divided between two warring classes, Bourgeoisie, “the haves” Proletariats, “the have-nots” �Industrial Revolution = Richer/ Poorer �Capitalist system would destroy itself and the Proletariat would revolt

Communism Cont… �Final goal = Communism: complete socialism in which all factors of production would be owned by the people and SHARED EQUALLY in a classless society.

1 Word Choose ONE word from one of the following definitions that you believe is the Most Important to the concept. For your opener write that word and a brief explanation as to why you chose it. � Capitalism: an economic and political system driven by competition in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. � Socialism: an economic and political system in which production and distribution of goods are controlled substantially by the government, and in which cooperation rather than competition guides economic activity.

Final Reflection �What is the difference between Capitalism and Socialism? Challenge- Use the 4 words we selected from the activity BONUS: Incorporate the following word into your response: ▪ LAISSEZ-FAIRE

Reform in Britain In England, Parliament held all of the power and only 5 percent of the population could elect representatives � The Reform Bill of 1832 � Suffrage: The Right to vote was demanded by the wealthy middle � class- factory owners, bankers, merchants, etc. The Reform Bill relaxed property ownership requirements and gave more representative to thriving new cities Chartist Movement The People’s Charter of 1838 Suffrage for all men and annual Parliamentary elections Secret Ballots No land requirements for serving in Parliament and pay for members By early 1900’s all demands, minus annual elections, became law

The Victorian Age �Queen Victoria presided over all of this historic change �She ruled from age 18 -81 Queen Victoria and Prince Albert: British Ideal �England reached the height of its power under her rule and she was very loved by her people �She accepted a much less powerful role for the monarchy