IEEE 802 16 STANDARDS Wi MAX ECE 3115

IEEE 802. 16 STANDARDS (Wi. MAX) ECE 3115 – WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES Saturday, 21 October 2017

WHERE ARE WE IN THE SYLLABUS?

DO STANDARDS HINDER CREATIVITY? Vint Cerf, TCP/IP co-developer and Internet pioneer “People often take the view that standardization is the enemy of creativity. But I think that standards help make creativity possible -- by allowing for the establishment of an infrastructure, which then leads to enormous entrepreneurialism, creativity, and competitiveness. ” • Standards usually have a bad rap because they imply standardization, uniformity and canon belief. • Many people are hold the romantic notion that creativity demands freedom from all constraints.

EVOLUTION OF IEEE 802. 16 VERSION YEAR FREQUENCY TYPE MODULATION 802. 16 Dec 2001 10 -66 GHz Fixed, LOS Single Carrier 802. 16 -2004 June 2004 2 -11 GHz Fixed, LOS Single Carrier OFDMA 802. 16 e Dec 2005 2 – 6 GHz Fixed Mobile NOLOS Single Carrier OFDMA

HISTORY OF IEEE YEAR INSTITUTION FOUNDING MEMBERS 1884 American Institute of Electrical Engineers(AIEE) formed in Philadelphia 1. Norvin Green of Western Union, came from telegraphy and was first president. 2. Thomas Edison, came from power, 3. Alexander Graham Bell represented the telephone industry. 1912 Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) formed in New York City. Among its founding organizations were: 1. the Society of Wireless Telegraph Engineers (SWTE) and 2. the Wireless Institute (TWI). 1963 AIEE and the IRE merged to form the Institute At its formation, IEEE had 150, 000 of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, or IEEE members, 140, 000 of whom resided in the United States.

WHAT ARE STANDARDS? • Standards are published documents that establish specifications and procedures designed to maximize the reliability of the materials, products, methods, and/or services people use every day. • • Standards address a range of issues, including but not limited to various protocols to help maximize product functionality and compatibility, facilitate interoperability and support consumer safety and public health.

IEEE STANDARD DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 1. Within the IEEE-SA, once a draft standard has been finalized, reviewed, and approved by the Working Group, it is submitted to the Sponsor for Sponsor balloting. Upon successful completion of the Sponsor ballot, the draft is submitted to the Review Committee (Rev. Com). 2. The balloted draft is reviewed by Rev. Com and then submitted to the Standards Board for approval. After submission, review and acceptance, the approved standard is published and made available for distribution and purchasing within in a number of outlets.

WHAT IS A WORKING GROUP? • Working Groups work to create and write the standard. Working Groups are open to anyone to participate. • For individual standards projects, IEEE or IEEE-SA membership is not required to participate. • For corporate standards projects, IEEE-SA corporate membership is required. • Overall, Working Groups strive for broad representation of all interested parties and encourage global participation. • Working Groups have a chairperson who facilitates the group discussions and offers leadership and guidance to the Working Group. He/she also serves as the contact person for technical questions about the standard.

• 1983: the International Standards Organization (ISO) developed a network model called Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model, which defined a framework of computer communications. • The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) developed a set of LAN standards, known as IEEE Project 802, which the ISO accepted as international standards. • The IEEE LAN standards addressed only the lowest two layers, the physical and data link layers, of the ISO/OSI model. IEEE LAN Standards BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK STANDARDS 7. Application Layer 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2(a) IEEE 802. 2 Logical Link Control 2(b) Medium Access Control 1. Physical Layer

Operating System 7. Application Layer 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network Medium Access Control IEEE 802 STANDARD 802. 2 Logical Link Control 802. 3 Ethernet (CSMA/CD) - 1983 802. 4 Token Ring Bus – Disbanded 802. 5 Token Ring Access 802. 6 Distributed Queue Bus Access - Disbanded 802. 7 Broadband LAN 802. 8 Fibre Optic 802. 9 Integrated Services LAN - Disbanded 802. 10 Interoperable LAN Security - Disbanded 802. 11 Wireless LAN - 1997 802. 12 Demand Priority Access (100 base VG- disbanded) 802. 13 - Reserved 802. 14 Medium Access Control for cable modems (disbanded) 802. 15 Wireless Personal Networks (Bluetooth, Zigbee, etc) 802. 16 Broadband Metro Area Networks (Wi. Max) 802. 17 Resilient packet Ring

SUMMARY OF IEEE 802 WORKGROUPS

LATER IEEE 802 STANDARDS IEEE 802. 17 Resilient packet ring IEEE 802. 18 Radio Regulatory Technical Advisory Group (TAG) IEEE 802. 19 Coexistence TAG IEEE 802. 20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access IEEE 802. 21 Media Independent Handoff IEEE 802. 22 Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN) IEEE 802. 23 Emergency Services Working Group New (March, 2010)

SCOPE OF IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SUB-COMMITTEES NAME WORKGROUP TECHNOLOGY CONSORTIA Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) IEEE 802. 16 • Wi. MAX Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) IEEE 802. 11 • Wi. FI Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) IEEE 802. 15 • Zigbee • Bluetooth • Wi. Media Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN) IEEE 802. 22

WHAT IS Wi. MAX? • Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access • WIMAX is a telecommunications technology that provides wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission modes, from pointto-multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet access. • Wi. Max enables the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL • Wi. Max is also known as IEEE 802. 16, that is intended for Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN). • Wi. MAX forum lists certified base stations and subscriber stations from many vendors (see http: //www. wimaxforum. org)

WIMAX FREQUENCY BANDS

CONSIDERATION AFFECTING THE Wi. MAX FREQUENCY RANGES • Higher Frequencies have higher attenuation, e. g. , 18 GHz has 20 d. B/m more than 1. 8 GHz • Higher frequencies need smaller antenna >Wavelength/2, 800 MHz ⇒ 6” • Higher frequencies are affected more by weather Higher than 10 GHz affected by rainfall 60 GHz affected by absorption of oxygen molecules • Mobility ⇒Below 10 GHz • Higher frequencies have more bandwidth and higher data rate • Higher frequencies allow more frequency reuse They attenuate close to cell boundaries. Low frequencies propagate far.

High-speed Un-licenced Metropolitan Area Network (HUMAN)

FEATURES OF WIMAX 1. "Scalable OFDMA “ 2. Support for TDD and FDD 3. Adaptive Modulation and Coding 4. Space Time Block Codes (STBC) 5. Adaptive Antenna System • Other Features: 1. "Subchannelization and permutation Slots, 2. tiles, and clusters, 3. bursts

FRACTIONAL FREQUENCY REUSE

WIMAX OFDMA SUBCARRIERS

SUBCHANNELIZATION

SUBCARRIER PERMUTATIONS • Subcarrier Permutations • !Subcarriers are randomly assigned to a channel and changed every symbol time ⇒Frequency hopping • !All subcarriers are used ⇒Full Usage of Subcarriers (FUSC) –Not in Wi. MAX Forum Profiles • !Partial Usage of Subcarriers (PUSC) -in Wi. MAX Forum profiles ⇒commonly used

Wi. MAX Vs Wi. Fi • Wi. MAX can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) up to 50 km for fixed stations, and 5 - 15 km for mobile stations. • Wi. Fi/802. 11 wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to 30 - 100 m. • Wi. MAX can be used for wireless networking in much the same way as the more common Wi. Fi protocol. • Wi. MAX is a second-generation protocol that allows for more efficient bandwidth use, interference avoidance, and is intended to allow higher data rates over longer distances. • Wi-Fi is more popular in end user devices.

DOWNLINK PARTIAL USAGE OF SUBCARRIERS • Subcarriers are divided in to 6 groups and only some groups may be used in a sector or cell • Data and pilots are arranged in clusters of 14 subcarriers over 2 symbols = 24 data + 4 pilot • Clusters are renumbered using a pseudo random numbering scheme • The clusters are then divided into 6 groups (segments 0 through 5) • Subchannel = Two clusters from the same group • It is possible to allocate some subset of groups to each transmitter in a cell, e. g. , 2 groups per sector

SYMBOLS, CLUSTERS, AND SLOTS (PUSC DL) • 10 MHz = 1024 FFT = 840 subcarriers + 1 DC + 183 Guard Total 30 subchannels = 30× 28 = 840 subcarrier

SYMBOLS, TILES, AND SLOTS (PUSC UL) • 10 MHz = 1024 FFT = 840 subcarriers + 1 DC +183 Guard Total 35 subchannels = 35 X 24 = 840 subcarriers

16 FRAME STRUCTURE 802. 16 FRAME STRUCTURE

MOBILE WIMAX FRAME

FRAME STRUCTURE • DL Preamble: Time and frequency synchronization • Frame Control Header (FCH): MAPs lengths, modulation and coding, usable subcarriers • Downlink MAP: Burst profile (time, frequency, modulation, coding) to each user • Uplink MAP: Burst profile for transmission from each user. MAPs can be compressed • Contention-based region: • Ranging, bandwidth request, besteffort data • Ranging Channel: "Closed loop frequency, time, and power adjustments "Channel quality indicator channel (CQICH) • Ack Channel: subscriber stations • Initially, 5 ms frames only.

SUBSCRIBER INITIALIZATION

WIMAX APPLICATIONS

KEY FEATURES OF Wi. MAX Works on many bands: 2. 3 GHz, 2. 5 GHz, 3. 5 GHz Scalable -Can use any available spectrum width: 1. 25 MHz to 28 MHz Strong security Open technology like Wi. Fi Reach and mobility like Cellular but much higher data rates "High data rate, up to 70 Mbps "Long distance, up to 50 kms "Mobility, up to 120 to 150 km/hour • Data rate vs Distance trade off using adaptive modulation, 64 QAM to BPSK • Offers non-line of site (NLOS) operation • Strong Qo. S and Guaranteed services for data, voice, and video • • •

WIMAX AND Wi. FI FREQUENCY RANGES • Wi. MAX – 3500 MHz • Wi. Fi - 2. 4 GHz znd 5. 0 GHZ

DATA RATE Vs MOBILITY IN WIMAX

REFERENCES 1. Cal Eklund, Roger B. Marks, Subbu Ponnuswamy, Kenneth L. Stanwoood, Noco. J. M. van. Waes, "Wireless. MAN: Inside the IEEE 802. 16 Standard for Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks, " IEEE, May-06, ISBN: 0738148423. 2. Jeffrey G. Andrews, Arunabha Ghosh, Rias Muhamed, "Fundamentals of Wi. MAX: Understanding Broadband Wireless Networking, " Prentice. Hall, ISBN: 0132225522. 3. Loutfi Nuaymi, "Wi. MAX: Technology for Broadband Wireless Access, " Wi

IEEE WORKGROUP WEBSITES WORKING GROUP WEBSITE IEEE 802. 11 Wireless local area networks - The Working Group for WLAN Standards http: //www. ieee 802. org/11/ The IEEE 802. 16 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access Standards. http: //www. ieee 802. org/16/ IEEE 802. 18 Radio Regulatory Technical Advisory Group (RR-TAG) http: //www. ieee 802. org/18/ IEEE 802. 20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) http: //www. ieee 802. org/20/ IEEE 802. 21 is developing an extensible Media access Independent Services (MIS) framework (i. e. , function and protocol) that enables the optimization of services including handover service when performed between heterogeneous IEEE 802 networks. It also facilitates these services when networking between IEEE 802 networks and Cellular networks. http: //www. ieee 802. org/21/ IEEE 802. 22 Working Group on Wireless Regional Area Networks - Enabling Broadband Wireless Access Using Cognitive Radio Technology and Spectrum Sharing in White Spaces. http: //www. ieee 802. org/22/