Education at a Glance OECD Indicators 2018 University

Education at a Glance OECD Indicators 2018 University of Latvia and Microsoft Innovation Centre 11 th September 2018 Simon Normandeau

Education at a Glance, Country Note and OECD. Stat

Organisation of Education at a Glance (EAG) The Education Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 4) Chapter A – The output of educational institutions and the impact of learning • Attainment rates, labour market outcomes of education (earnings, unemployment), social outcomes of education, educational mobility, adult education, NEETs, financial returns to education Chapter B – Access to education, participation and progression • Enrolment rates, early childhood education, international student mobility, entrance and graduation rates Chapter C – Financial resources invested in education • Expenditure per students, expenditure as a share of GDP, share of private expenditure, decentralization of public expenditure, capital vs. current expenditure Chapter D – Teachers, the learning environment and the organisation of schools • Instruction time, teaching time, class sizes, student-teacher ratio, teachers’ salaries, teachers’ age and gender, school autonomy

OUTLINE Equity Early childhood education and care (ECEC) General and vocational secondary education Tertiary education Finance Teachers

Equity

Equity in Education at a Glance 2018 Gender Immigrant status Parental education Location Equity in the education sustainable development goal

0, 0 Denmark Estonia Ireland Switzerland Finland Japan Canada Norway Russian Federation Slovenia Iceland Netherlands Spain Poland Germany Korea Sweden Israel EU 23 average Austria Australia United Kingdom OECD average Italy New Zealand Latvia Belgium United States France Lithuania Czech Republic Luxembourg Greece Portugal Slovak Republic Costa Rica Colombia Mexico Turkey Chile Hungary Indonesia Brazil Parity indices 15 -year-olds from rural areas and lower socio-economic status have lower performances in mathematics SDG Fig 1 Proportion of 15 -year-olds achieving at least proficiency level 2 (PISA) in mathematics by gender, socio-economic status (ESCS), and location parity indices (2015) Gender 1, 2 1, 0 0, 8 0, 6 0, 4 0, 2

0, 0 Denmark Estonia Ireland Switzerland Finland Japan Canada Norway Russian Federation Slovenia Iceland Netherlands Spain Poland Germany Korea Sweden Israel EU 23 average Austria Australia United Kingdom OECD average Italy New Zealand Latvia Belgium United States France Lithuania Czech Republic Luxembourg Greece Portugal Slovak Republic Costa Rica Colombia Mexico Turkey Chile Hungary Indonesia Brazil Parity indices 15 -year-olds from rural areas and lower socio-economic status have lower performances in mathematics Gender SDG Fig 1 Proportion of 15 -year-olds achieving at least proficiency level 2 (PISA) in mathematics by gender, socio-economic status (ESCS), and location parity indices (2015) Location 1, 2 1, 0 0, 8 0, 6 0, 4 0, 2

0, 0 Denmark Estonia Ireland Switzerland Finland Japan Canada Norway Russian Federation Slovenia Iceland Netherlands Spain Poland Germany Korea Sweden Israel EU 23 average Austria Australia United Kingdom OECD average Italy New Zealand Latvia Belgium United States France Lithuania Czech Republic Luxembourg Greece Portugal Slovak Republic Costa Rica Colombia Mexico Turkey Chile Hungary Indonesia Brazil Parity indices 15 -year-olds from rural areas and lower socio-economic status have lower performances in mathematics Gender Location SDG Fig 1 Proportion of 15 -year-olds achieving at least proficiency level 2 (PISA) in mathematics by gender, socio-economic status (ESCS), and location parity indices (2015) ESCS 1, 2 1, 0 0, 8 0, 6 0, 4 0, 2

Gender

Turkey Russian Federation India Luxembourg Ireland Korea Slovak Republic Saudi Arabia Finland Switzerland Chile Czech Republic Argentina Colombia Denmark Belgium Costa Rica Spain France Austria OECD average Hungary EU 23 average Germany Estonia Greece Italy Latvia Poland Slovenia Israel Mexico Lithuania Over 2/3 of repeaters in lower secondary schools are boys… Figure B 1. 2 Share of boys among repeaters in lower secondary education (2016) % 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

% 70 0 China India Costa Rica Mexico Indonesia Turkey Brazil Spain Portugal Argentina Colombia Saudi Arabia Italy Iceland Norway South Africa Denmark Latvia Sweden Belgium Chile OECD average Greece EU 23 average Estonia New Zealand Netherlands France Luxembourg Hungary Germany United Kingdom Australia Austria Finland Ireland Lithuania Israel United States Switzerland Slovak Republic Canada Russian Federation Slovenia Poland Czech Republic Korea The percentage of young men with low education is twice that of young women in Latvia… Men Figure A 1. 1 Percentage of 25 -34 year-olds without upper secondary education, by gender (2017) Women 60 50 40 30 20 10

40 Costa Rica Slovenia Sweden Turkey Belgium Spain Luxembourg Latvia Colombia Switzerland United Kingdom New Zealand Netherlands Finland Australia Austria Denmark Lithuania Germany Norway OECD average Greece Canada Korea France Portugal Poland Ireland Italy United States Czech Republic Estonia Slovak Republic Hungary Mexico Israel Brazil Chile …but Latvia has a better gender equity than average for earnings of tertiary-educated workers Figure A 4. 1 Women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s earnings for full-time workers with tertiary education (2016) % 100 90 80 70 60 50

Migrants

About 30% of native and foreign-born adults are tertiary educated… Figure A 1. 3 Percentage of tertiary-educated native- and foreign-born 25 -64 year-olds, by age at arrival in the country (2017) Foreign-born adults Arrived in the country at 16 or older % Arrived in the country by the age of 15 Native-born adults 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 The percentage in parentheses represents the share of foreign-born adults among 25 -64 year-olds. Italy (14%) Chile 1 (3%) Slovak Republic (1%) Portugal (10%) Hungary (2%) Luxembourg (57%) Germany (21%) New Zealand (33%) Greece (9%) EU 22 average (15%) Austria (24%) Latvia (11%) OECD average (17%) France (15%) Slovenia (12%) Spain (16%) Denmark (14%) Estonia (12%) Lithuania (5%) Sweden (24%) Belgium (21%) Ireland (22%) Switzerland (36%) United States (19%) Israel (25%) 0 Canada (28%) 10

… but the employment rate of foreign-born is lower, especially for those arrived at 16 or older Figure A 3. 4 Employment rates of native- and foreign-born 25 -64 year-olds with tertiary education, by age at arrival in the country (2017 ) Foreign-born adults The percentage in parentheses represents the share of foreign-born adults among 25 -64 year-olds. Greece (9%) Italy (14%) Slovak Republic (1%) Spain (16%) United States (19%) Canada (28%) Chile 1 (3%) Hungary (2%) OECD average (17%) Arrived in the country at 16 or older Ireland (22%) France (15%) Estonia (12%) Belgium (21%) Portugal (10%) Denmark (14%) Israel (25%) Arrived in the country by the age of 15 Latvia (11%) Austria (24%) Luxembourg (57%) Germany (21%) New Zealand (33%) Switzerland (36%) Sweden (24%) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 Native-born adults Slovenia (12%) %

Main message Equity is not yet achieved… Women are still lagging behind in terms of labour market outcomes while men have lower educational attainment and are over-represented among repeaters

Early childhood education and care

to Fi nia n H lan un d ga La ry Li tv Ru th ia ss ua ia n P nia Fe ol de an ra d Sw tion ed Au en Be stri lg a iu m Br a Ca zi na l d Cz Ch a ec i h Ch le Re in p a D ub en lic m a Fr rk a Ge n rm ce a Gr ny ee Ic ce el an d In di Isr a ae Ita l Ja ly pa Lu K xe o n m re bo a N M urg et ex he ic rla o N nds o Sl ov P rwa o ak rt y Re ug pu al Sl bli ov c en Sw S ia itz pa er in la Un n ite Tur d d ke S y Au tate st s N I rali Un ew re a ite Z lan d ea d Ki lan ng d do m Es Early childhood education and care finishes later in Latvia than in most other OECD countries Table X 1. 3 Typical starting age for primary education (2016) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 France United Kingdom Israel Belgium Denmark Iceland Spain Norway Sweden Italy Germany Netherlands Korea New Zealand Latvia Hungary Japan Estonia Austria EU 23 average Slovenia Portugal Czech Republic OECD average Luxembourg Australia Poland Lithuania Russian Federation Mexico Brazil Chile Finland Colombia Ireland Argentina Slovak Republic Indonesia United States Greece Costa Rica Switzerland Turkey Saudi Arabia In Latvia, enrolment of 3 to 5 -year-olds increased from 77% to 93% between 2005 and 2016… 2016 Figure B 2. 3 Change in enrolment rates of children aged 3 to 5 years (2005 and 2016) 2005

% of GDP 0, 0 Sweden Iceland Norway Israel Finland Hungary Latvia Chile France Poland Slovenia Belgium Brazil Lithuania EU 23 average OECD average Portugal Luxembourg Slovak Republic Spain Germany Korea New Zealand Italy Austria Czech Republic Costa Rica United States United Kingdom Switzerland Netherlands Colombia Greece Australia Japan Ireland … and it has been accompanied by greater spending on early childhood education and care compared to 2005 2015 Figure B 2. 4 Expenditure on pre-primary (ISCED 02) education as a percentage of GDP (2005 and 2015) 2005 1, 4 1, 2 1, 0 0, 8 0, 6 0, 4 0, 2

Main message Acquiring a strong skillset starts early and investing in quality early childhood education is key to ensure that children are building on solid foundations

General and vocational secondary education

% Israel Colombia Mexico Brazil Turkey Canada Argentina Greece Chile New Zealand United States Korea United Kingdom Luxembourg Austria OECD average France Hungary Russian Federation Germany Spain Italy Australia Iceland Slovak Republic Portugal Switzerland EU 23 average Ireland Denmark Netherlands Czech Republic Estonia Belgium Norway Slovenia Latvia Lithuania Poland Sweden Finland Latvia has high enrolment rate until the age of 18 Age 16 Age 17 Figure B 1. 1 Enrolment rate transition from age 16 to age 18 (2016) Age 18 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

First-time upper secondary graduation rates from vocational programmes is lower than the OECD average… Figure B 3. 3 First-time upper secondary graduation rates for students below the age of 25 by programme orientation (2016) Costa Rica Mexico Brazil Colombia Turkey Iceland Portugal Spain United Kingdom Czech Republic Luxembourg All programmes Slovak Republic Sweden Germany Italy Norway Austria OECD Average EU 23 Average Denmark Hungary United States Vocational programmes Lithuania Poland Netherlands Latvia Chile New Zealand Canada Finland Greece Slovenia Korea 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Israel General programmes %

Greece Costa Rica Italy Turkey Spain Mexico France Ireland Finland Chile Poland Slovak Republic EU 23 average OECD Average Latvia Vocational education New Zealand Belgium Israel Estonia Hungary Denmark Portugal Lithuania Australia % Netherlands Slovenia United Kingdom Russia Canada Germany Norway Austria Switzerland Sweden Iceland …despite better labour market outcomes for vocational graduates OECD. Stat Employment rate of 25 -34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education, by programme orientation (2017) General education 100 90 80 70 60 50 40

Main message Upper secondary is often seen as the minimum requirement for successful labour market integration Vocational programmes can play a central role in preparing young people for work

Tertiary education

% Korea Canada Japan Russian Federation Lithuania Ireland Australia United Kingdom Luxembourg Switzerland Norway Israel United States Iceland Sweden Netherlands Denmark Belgium Slovenia France New Zealand OECD average Poland Estonia Spain Greece EU 23 average Latvia Finland Austria Slovak Republic Portugal Czech Republic Turkey Germany Hungary Chile Colombia Costa Rica Italy Saudi Arabia Mexico Argentina China Brazil Indonesia India South Africa Tertiary attainment of 25 -34 year-olds increased from 26% in 2007 to 42% in 2017 Table A 1. 2 Percentage of 25 -34 year-olds with tertiary education (2007 and 2017) 2007 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

The number of international students has more than doubled in less than 20 years across OECD countries Figure B 6. a Growth in international or foreign enrolment in tertiary education worldwide (1998 to 2016) Millions of mobile students OECD Non-OECD 5, 5 Total, 5. 0 5, 0 4, 5 4, 0 Non-OECD, 1. 5 3, 0 2, 5 OECD, 3. 5 2, 0 1, 5 1, 0 0, 5 0, 0 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Slovak Republic Austria Israel Iceland United Kingdom Slovenia Japan Finland Czech Republic France Switzerland Sweden Korea Italy Luxembourg Denmark Norway United States Spain Germany Canada Hungary Saudi Arabia India Netherlands New Zealand Australia Portugal Belgium Ireland Lithuania China Chile Mexico Turkey Russian Federation Latvia Estonia Poland Latvia has been receiving an increasing number of mobile students… Figure B 6. 3 Index of change in the inflow of mobile students between 2013 and 2016 (2013=100) 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Latvia Lithuania Korea Ireland Iceland Estonia Israel Sweden Slovak Republic Germany Poland Japan Czech Republic Canada Denmark New Zealand Turkey Chile Norway United States Australia Belgium Switzerland Slovenia Mexico Austria Luxembourg Portugal Russian Federation France United Kingdom China Finland Netherlands Spain Hungary Saudi Arabia Italy India … but a decreasing number of students from Latvia go to study abroad Figure B 6. 3 Index of change in the outflow of mobile students between 2013 and 2016 (2013=100) 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Main message Tertiary attainment has greatly increased and Latvia hosts a growing number of international students

Finance

Slovak Republic Chile Turkey Latvia Israel Mexico Australia Iceland Norway Poland Brazil Sweden Belgium OECD average Switzerland Estonia United States France Netherlands EU 23 average Hungary Japan Germany Czech Republic Canada Finland Italy Portugal Lithuania Spain Ireland Slovenia The government increased significantly the expenditure on education between 2011 and 2015 Figure C 4. 1 Index of change in total public expenditure between 2011 and 2015 (2011=100) Index of change 140 130 120 110 100 90 80

Capital expenditure represents a significant share of total costs at all levels of education in Latvia Table C 6. 1 Share of capital expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure, by level of education (2015) Greece United Kingdom Spain Belgium Austria Hungary Poland Iceland Tertiary Portugal Sweden Lithuania EU 23 average Luxembourg Canada Germany Russian Federation Colombia Ireland Slovenia OECD average France United States Australia Estonia Israel Turkey Netherlands Finland Norway Japan Latvia 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Korea Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary Italy %

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Colombia Turkey Australia Mexico New Zealand Chile Expenditure from other private entities Spain United Kingdom Germany Korea Netherlands Portugal Slovak Republic Israel Slovenia Canada France OECD average United States Household expenditure Poland Czech Republic Japan EU 23 average Hungary Estonia Greece Ireland Italy Public expenditure Russian Federation Austria Lithuania Iceland Belgium Luxembourg Latvia % Finland Norway Sweden Primary and secondary education are almost entirely publicly funded in Latvia Figure C 3. 2. a Distribution of public and private expenditure on educational institutions (2015) All private sources

The public sector funds a slightly larger share of tertiary education compared to the OECD average… Figure C 3. 2 b Distribution of public and private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2015) % Public expenditure Household expenditure Expenditure from other private entities All private sources Finland Norway Luxembourg Austria Iceland Sweden Greece Slovenia Belgium Germany Poland Slovak Republic Czech Republic France EU 23 average Latvia Estonia Turkey Lithuania Ireland Mexico Netherlands OECD average Portugal Spain Russian Federation Italy Hungary Israel New Zealand Canada Australia Korea Colombia United States Chile Japan United Kingdom 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Poland Latvia Slovak Republic Lithuania Chile Finland Slovenia Israel Russian Federation Iceland Czech Republic Public sources Mexico Estonia EU 23 average OECD average Norway Portugal Japan Netherlands United States Italy France Index of change Germany Australia Canada Sweden Ireland Spain … but it has not always been the case Figure C 3. 3 Change in relative share of public and private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (between 2010 and 2015) Private sources 160 140 120 100 80 60 40

Main message Public investment in education has been considerably growing between 2011 and 2015, but Latvia has a high share of capital expenditure at all levels of education

Teachers

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Russian Federation Slovenia Lithuania Hungary Italy Czech Republic Latvia Primary Austria Estonia Slovak Republic United States Germany Netherlands Pre-primary EU 23 average Ireland Poland United Kingdom France OECD average Switzerland Belgium % Portugal Finland Korea Colombia Sweden Norway Most teachers are women Figure D 5. 1 Distribution of female teachers (2016) All secondary

Turkey United Kingdom Brazil Ireland Luxembourg Korea Canada Israel Chile France Costa Rica Belgium United States Poland Japan 30 -49 years Norway OECD average Spain Finland Switzerland >= 50 years Slovak Republic EU 23 average Colombia Portugal Slovenia Sweden Hungary Netherlands New Zealand Greece Czech Republic Germany Austria Latvia Estonia Lithuania Italy Nearly half of teachers are at least 50 years old Table D 5. 1 Percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers in public and private institutions, by age group, based on head counts (2016) < 30 years 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

0 Chile Israel Japan United Kingdom Ireland Colombia Brazil Mexico Australia Netherlands Korea France Denmark Hungary Turkey OECD average Portugal United States Czech Republic Spain Germany EU 23 average Russian Federation Slovenia Finland Poland Sweden Switzerland Italy Estonia Belgium (Fr. ) Iceland Austria Slovak Republic Greece Latvia Lithuania Costa Rica Latvia has some of the smallest class size in primary public institutions Figure D 2. 1 Average class size in primary public institutions (2016) Average class size 30 25 20 15 10 5

Both lower secondary teachers and school heads have low absolute salaries in Latvia… Figure D 3. 5 Actual salaries of lower secondary teachers and school heads (2016) Latvia Slovak Republic Turkey Estonia Greece Czech Republic Chile Poland Slovenia Iceland Sweden Portugal Norway Average Actual salaries of teachers Scotland (UK) Israel New Zealand France Finland Italy Denmark Flemish comm. (Belgium) French comm. (Belgium) Austria Netherlands United States Actual salaries of school heads Australia 000 000 0 England (UK) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Luxembourg Equivalent USD converted using PPPs

… but high compared to similarly-educated workers Table D 3. 2 a. Ratio of salary, using annual average salaries (including bonuses and allowances) of teachers in public institutions relative to the wages of workers with similar educational attainment (weighted average) (2016) Latvia EU 23 average 1, 40 1, 22 1, 20 1, 00 0, 80 1, 05 0, 87 0, 80 0, 88 0, 82 0, 86 0, 88 0, 60 0, 40 0, 20 0, 00 Pre-primary Primary Lower secondary, general programmes Upper secondary, general programmes

Main message The teaching profession needs to be more attractive Savings made by increasing class sizes could be invested in quality teaching

Thank you! www. oecd. org/education-at-a-glance-19991487. htm Simon. Normandeau@oecd. org Follow us on: @OECDEdu. Skills @Edu. Skills OECD @ Edu. Skills OECD