Cocaine Methamphetamine Ephedrine Methylphenidate resulting from intoxication or

Cocaine Methamphetamine Ephedrine Methylphenidate

resulting from intoxication or long-term use of amphetamines or amphetamine derivatives Such disorders can also be experienced during the withdrawal period from amphetamines often self-limiting after cessation, though, in some patients, psychiatric symptoms may last several weeks after discontinuation.

exhaustion, apathy and depression—the “down” that follows the “up. ” It is this immediate and lasting exhaustion that quickly leads the stimulant user to want the drug again. Soon he is not trying to get “high, ” he is only trying to get “well”—to feel any energy at all

THE DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, FOURTH EDITION, TEXT REVISION (DSM-IV-TR) DESCRIBES THE FOLLOWING 10 AMPHETAMINE-RELATED PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS Amphetamine-induced anxiety disorder Amphetamine-induced mood disorder Amphetamine-induced psychotic disorder with delusions Amphetamine-induced psychotic disorder with hallucinations Amphetamine-induced sexual dysfunction Amphetamine-induced sleep disorder Amphetamine intoxication delirium Amphetamine withdrawal Amphetamine-related disorder not otherwise specified

Use of amphetamine and methamphetamine is widespread in the general population and common among patients with psychiatric disorders

Some individuals experience paranoia during withdrawal as well as during sustained use Amphetamine use may elicit or be associated with the recurrence of other psychiatric disorders People addicted to amphetamines sometimes decrease their use after experiencing paranoia and auditory and visual hallucinations amphetamines can be psychologically but not physically addictive

The symptoms of amphetamine-induced psychiatric disorders can be differentiated from those of related primary psychiatric disorders by time If symptoms do not resolve within one month after the amphetamines are discontinued, a primary psychiatric disorder should be suspected

Amphetamine-induced psychosis (delusions and hallucinations) can be differentiated from psychotic disorders when symptoms resolve after amphetamines are discontinued Absence of first-rank Schneiderian symptoms, anhedonia, avolition, amotivation, flat affect, further suggests amphetamine psychosis Symptoms of amphetamine use may be indistinguishable from cocaine use. Amphetamines, unlike cocaine, do not cause local anesthesia and have a longer psychoactive duration

faster recovery and resolve more completely compared to schizophrenic psychosis Increased vulnerability for acute amphetamine induced psychosis seen among schizophrenia, schizotypal personality and, to a certain degree other psychiatric disorders, non-psychiatric individuals who previously have experienced

Amphetamines may induce symptoms of psychosis very similar to those of acute schizophrenia spectrum psychosis

Amphetamine-induced delirium follows a reversible course similar to other causes of delirium, by its relationship to amphetamine intoxication After the delirium subsides, little to no impairment is observed Delirium is not a condition observed during amphetamine withdrawal

Mood disorders similar to hypomania and mania can be during intoxication with amphetamines Depression can occur during withdrawal, and repeated use of amphetamines can produce antidepressant-resistant amphetamine-induced depression Low-dose amphetamines can be used as an adjunct in the treatment of depression, especially in patients with medical compromise, lethargy, hypersomnia, low energy, or decreased attention.

Sleep disturbances appear in a fashion similar to mood disorders During intoxication, sleep can be decreased markedly In withdrawal, sleep often increases A disrupted circadian rhythm can result from late or high doses of prescription amphetamines or from chronic or intermittent abuse of amphetamines

Individuals who use prescription amphetamines can easily correct their sleep disturbance by lowering the dose or taking their medication earlier in the day than they have been Insomnia is the most common adverse effect of prescription amphetamines

Amphetamine-Induced Sleep Disorder psychostimulants inhibit sleep drug use patterns frequently associated with amphetamine-type stimulants (i. e. , binges or “runs”) lead to disruptions of normal sleep–wake cycles, because drug users forgo sleep for the sake of drug use After drug cessation, particularly after continued, heavy use, amphetamine users develop hypersomnolence that can persist for weeks (i. e. , “crashes”) Because amphetamines have the potential to damage brain monoaminergic neurons, which are known to play an important role in sleep modulation (see the section “Amphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity”

common medical condition as a Sleeping Disorder complete to partial paralysis of arms, legs and upper torso, a tight or heavy pressure on your chest sometimes with a choking sensation and almost always experienced to fall into sleep or just come out of sleep The most remarkable symptoms of SP are the accompanying audio and/or visual hallucinations often causing extreme terror and panic in it's sufferers, who more often than not mistakenly believe they are being visited by aliens, malevolent beings and other evil presences

Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, obsessivecompulsive symptoms, or phobia symptom during intoxication on a substance or during withdrawal

Prominent anxiety, panic attacks, or obsessions or compulsions. Symptoms develop during, or within one month, of intoxication or withdrawal from a substance or medication known to cause anxiety symptoms. Symptoms are not actually part of another anxiety disorder (such as generalized anxiety disorder , phobias, panic disorder , or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder that is not substance induced if the anxiety symptoms began prior to substance or medication use, then another anxiety disorder is likely. Symptoms do not occur only during delirium Symptoms cause significant distress

Anxiety symptoms induced by substance intoxication usually subside once the substance responsible is eliminated Symptoms persist depending on the half-life of the substances (i. e. , how long it takes the before the substance is no longer present in an individual's system) Symptoms, therefore, can persist for hours, days, or weeks after a substance is last used Obsessive-compulsive symptoms induced by substances sometimes do not disappear, even although the substance inducing them has been eliminated More intensive treatment for the obsessive-compulsive symptoms would be necessary and should include a combination of medication and behavioral therapy

cross-addictions switch from one addiction to another co-occurring addictions struggle with multiple addictions simultaneously Cross and co-occurring disorders are especially common with sex addicts The most common secondary drugs of choice for sex addicts are amphetamines

Crystal methamphetamine is the number one option called “the sex drug, ” meth is the preferred “party favor” for anonymous Internet and smartphone hookups most commonly abused drug among prostitutes (of both genders) Sex addicts also use cocaine, crack cocaine, and almost any other stimulant

cocaine-related paranoia is common with heavy use the diagnosis of cocaine-induced psychotic disorder is reserved for cases in which there is no insight as to the drug-related nature of the symptoms, or when symptoms exceed the quality or severity characteristic of cocaine intoxication

abnormalities in brain areas involved in essential pathways of learning and memory. The dysfunction in these areas that is seen with cocaine dependence Conventional re-inforcers produce a dopamine response the response to cocaine does not diminish in this way, and some laboratory animals will selfadminister cocaine in preference to food and water and to the point of death. Cocaine dependence and related behaviors can be understood as forms of behavioral conditioning

Cocaine-induced mood or anxiety disorders are distinguished from mood anxiety symptoms expected during the typical course of intoxication or withdrawal by their intensity, onset, and time course neurovegetative symptoms suggesting a major depressive episode may be present, full criteria for major depressive disorder or hypomania need not be met Similarly, the diagnostic criteria for cocaineinduced anxiety disorder require only the presence of prominent anxiety, obsessions, compulsions, or panic attacks in the setting of recent cocaine use

cocaine-induced sexual dysfunction, sleep disorder, and cocaine-related disorder Stimulants such as cocaine are at times used for their purported enhancement of sexual function

Cocaine may also produce a sleep disorder, typically characterized by periods of insomnia during intoxication and hypersomnia during withdrawal Insomnia during cocaine withdrawal is also commonly described Sleep cycles may be shifted when binges extend into the night or when withdrawalinduced hypersomnia leads to daytime sleeping

Ecstasy (emotion), a trance or trance-like state in which a person transcends normal consciousness Religious ecstasy, a state of consciousness characterized by expanded spiritual awareness, visions or absolute euphoria Ecstasy (philosophy) , a term used to mean "outside itself" Ecstasy (drug) , a colloquial term for the drug MDMA

1970 chemist Alexander Shulgin introduced ecstasy to those with an interest in drug-assisted psychotherapy The psychotherapists considered the drug to be moderate in its effects, which were principally characterised by feelings of empathic understanding for others and a release of emotions potential for overcoming 'blocks' in psychotherapy and enhancing insights

a popular drug positive effects that a person experiences within an hour or so after taking a single dose feelings of mental stimulation, emotional warmth, empathy toward others, a general sense of well being, and decreased anxiety. enhanced sensory perception as a hallmark of the MDMA experience.

3, 4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETA MINE (MDMA)MDMA euphoria, high energy, and social disinhibition lasting 3 -6 hours The drug is often consumed in dance clubs, where users dance vigorously for long periods toxicity and dehydration severe hyperthermia

Substance-induced affective, anxiety and cognitive disorders occurred more frequently among ecstasy users than polydrug controls. The life-time prevalence of ecstasy dependence amounted to 73% in the ecstasy user groups. More than half of the former ecstasy users and nearly half of the current ecstasy users met the criteria of substanceinduced cognitive disorders at the time of testing

associated with a number of psychiatric symptoms that have persisted after cessation of the drug

As with amphetamine confusion, anxiety, panic attacks, depression, sleeping difficulties, depersonalization, derealization, hallucinations, flashbacks, paranoia, psychosis, tolerance and dependency syndromes, and subsequent addiction to sedatives

Methylphenidate is a central nervous system stimulant drug that has become the primary drug of choice in treating attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder in children Abuse often entails the use of large doses, which may be taken intranasally or intravenously

BRAND NAMES Ritalin STREET NAMES R-ball Skippy The smart drug Vitamin R JIF Kibbles and bits Truck drivers Bennies Crosses Concerta Biphetamine Speed Black beauties Dexedrine

Intranasal abuse produces effects rapidly that are similar to the effects of cocaine in both onset and type

Hallucinations Paranoia Euphoria manic-like states delusional disorder Out of contol Suicide Ideation Intravenous abuse of methylphenidate associated with psychosis

Bruxism repeated touching stereotypic confusion disoriented behavior obsessive-compulsive tendencies, aggressiveness repetitive behaviors

the psychiatric side effects of stimulants are quite similar giving more support to the idea that almost all CNS stimulants will produce a similar clinical picture All participants in therapy need to be educated about the abuse potential of stimulants