Chapter Focus Section 1 Principles of Government Section

Chapter Focus Section 1 Principles of Government Section 2 The Formation of Governments Section 3 Types of Government Section 4 Economic Theories Chapter Assessment

Chapter Objectives • Principles of Government Identify the essential features of a state and describe theories about the origin of government. • The Formation of Governments Cite similarities and differences between unitary and federal governments. • Types of Government Summarize the relationship between democracy and free enterprise. • Economic Theories Name the ways the United States has modified its free enterprise system.

Principles of Government Key Terms state, nation-state, consensus, sovereignty, government, social contract Find Out • What are the four main purposes of government? • How do various theories explain the origin of government?

Principles of Government Understanding Concepts Public Policy Which policies of the government make your life better? Which do you think make life worse? Section Objective Identify the essential features of a state and describe theories about the origin of government.

In the last 50 years the number of countries in the world has more than doubled. In 2000, there were 196 independent countries, each with its own people and government.

I. Essential Features of a State (pages 6– 8) A. Population, the most obvious essential feature of a state. B. An area with fixed boundaries. C. Sovereignty, or absolute authority, within its territorial boundaries. D. A government which maintains order, provides public services, and enforces decisions that its people must obey.

I. Essential Features of a State (pages 6– 8)

I. Essential Features of a State (pages 6– 8) U. S. citizens sometimes complain about government, claiming it has too much power and control over their lives. Why do you think they feel this way? People usually complain about government when it affects them directly.

II. Theories of the Origin of the State (page 8) A. The state evolved from the family group. B. One person or a group used force to establish its authority to govern the people. C. The rulers of the people were chosen by the gods to govern. D. The people gave the government its power to rule them, and in return the government had to respect the people’s rights.

II. Theories of the Origin of the State (page 8) During World War II the government imposed hardships, such as the rationing of gasoline and food, on the U. S. population. Are such measures justifiable? Why or why not? When national security is threatened, strong measures are needed.

III. The Purpose of Government (pages 9– 11) A. Governments are needed to maintain social order by making and enforcing laws. B. Governments provide essential services for people, such as promoting public health and safety. C. Governments protect people from attack by other states and from internal threats such as terrorism. D. Governments pass laws that shape and control the nation’s economy in various ways.

III. The Purpose of Government (pages 9– 11) Do you think the government has too much or too little control over the economy of the United States? Answers will vary. Students should support their opinions with examples.

Checking for Understanding 1. Main Idea In a graphic organizer similar to the one below, identify four major purposes of government and give an example of each. Answers might include: maintain social order—police and courts; provide public services—highways and firefighters; provide national security—army and navy; establish and regulate an economic system—banks and currency.

Checking for Understanding Match the term with the correct definition. ___ D nation-state ___ A social contract A. theory that by contract, people surrender to the state the power needed to maintain order and the state, in turn, agrees to protect its citizens ___ C sovereignty B. an agreement about basic beliefs ___ E nation C. the supreme and absolute authority within territorial boundaries ___ B consensus D. a country in which the territory of both the nation and state coincide E. group of people united by bonds of race, language, custom, tradition, and, sometimes, religion

Checking for Understanding 3. Identify Aristotle, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke. Aristotle, a scholar in ancient Greece, was one of the first students of government. He studied the polis, the ancient Greek city-state. Thomas Hobbes was one of the first to theorize on the social contract. John Locke wrote that people were naturally endowed with the right to life, liberty, and property. Locke believed that people had the right to break the contract when the government failed to preserve the rights of the people.

Checking for Understanding 4. Summarize the divine right and social contract theories. The divine right theory holds that the state comes from a god and that rulers are descended from or chosen by a god. The social contract theory says people give power to the state so the state may preserve order and rights.

Critical Thinking 5. Making Comparisons Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both subscribed to the social contract theory of government. Analyze their views of that theory. Both believed that people surrendered to the state the power needed to maintain order, but Locke believed that people had the right to break that contract when government failed to preserve the rights of the people. Hobbes did not believe they had that right.

Public Policy Read news articles concerning decisions made by foreign governments. Classify those decisions that you believe are making life better for their citizens and those that you believe are making life worse.

The Formation of Governments Key Terms unitary system, federal system, confederacy, constitution, constitutional government, preamble, constitutional law, politics, industrialized nation, developing nation Find Out • What are the similarities and differences between a unitary government and a federal government system? • What are the main purposes of a constitution?

The Formation of Governments Understanding Concepts Global Perspectives The United States Constitution is the oldest written constitution still in use. What does this imply about the stability of government in the world? Section Objective Cite similarities and differences between unitary and federal governments.

One of the smallest nations in the world also has one of the oldest governments. Switzerland began in 1291 as a confederation of 3 small cantons, or provincial governments, and today includes 23 cantons.

I. Government Systems (page 12) A. A unitary system of government gives all key powers to the national or central government. B. A federal system of government divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments.

I. Government Systems (page 12) What are the major advantages of a federal system of government? Security against a concentration of power; participation at more levels of government.

II. Constitutions and Government (pages 13– 14) A. A constitution is a plan that provides the rules for government. B. Whether written or unwritten, a constitution organizes the structure of government and the way it operates. C. Constitutions set out the goals and purposes of government as well as the ideals shared by the people. D. Constitutions provide the supreme law for states and their governments.

II. Constitutions and Government (pages 13– 14) How important do you think a written constitution is to a democratic form of government? Answers will vary. Students should note the need for limited government.

III. Politics and Government (pages 14– 15) A. Politics is the effort to control or influence the policies and actions of government. B. Individuals and groups use politics to seek benefits from government. C. Although special interest groups seek special benefits, politics also provides benefits for all the people.

III. Politics and Government (pages 14– 15) Why do some U. S. citizens consider “politics” negative? The negative side of political news often receives more attention.

IV. Governing in a Complex World (pages 16– 17) A. The world today is divided into industrialized nations, developing nations, and newly industrialized nations. B. These groups of nations have many differences, but they are interdependent in many ways. C. Other groups besides nations, including multinational corporations, political movements, terrorist groups and international organizations, are important in today’s world.

IV. Governing in a Complex World (pages 16– 17) What responsibility does the United States bear for the welfare of other nations? Answers will vary. Students may point out that our welfare is closely linked to that of the rest of the world.

Checking for Understanding 1. Main Idea In a Venn diagram like the one below, show the similarities and differences between a constitutional government and a government that merely has a constitution. Constitutional government: Constitution authorizes the government to operate within limits set by the constitution. Government with a constitution: Government operates by its own authority with few limits. Both: A written plan exists for organizing and operating the government.

Checking for Understanding Match the term with the correct definition. ___ D confederacy ___ E preamble ___ B politics ___ C constitutional law ___ A constitution A. a plan that provides the rules for government B. the effort to control or influence the conduct and policies of government C. law that involves the interpretation and application of the U. S. Constitution and state constitutions D. a loose union of independent states E. a statement in a constitution that sets forth the goals and purposes of government

Checking for Understanding 3. Identify The Federalist was a series of articles written by James Madison that addressed issues concerning the launching of a new government.

Checking for Understanding 4. Analyze how events in the Middle East illustrate economic interdependence. The U. S. and other nations rely on oil from the Middle East and have intervened militarily and diplomatically to protect oil supplies and maintain order.

Critical Thinking 5. Analyzing Information James Madison wanted to prevent “factions, ” or special interest groups. Would it be possible to have government without special interest groups? Explain. In a democratic society, government without special interest groups is probably impossible since people want to influence government for their own benefit or that of their communities. In a totalitarian state most political activity is repressed.

Global Perspectives Choose five foreign nations and find out about each nation’s basic structure of government. When was its constitution adopted? Is the government democratic? Obtain information from a local library or on the Internet.

Types of Government Key Terms autocracy, monarchy, oligarchy, democracy, republic, political party, free enterprise Find Out • What are the main characteristics of a democracy? • Why is free enterprise conducive to the growth and preservation of democracy?

Types of Government Understanding Concepts Cultural Pluralism How does a representative democracy provide a good government for diverse peoples? Section Objective Summarize the relationship between democracy and free enterprise.

Over 100 million Americans voted in the presidential election of 2000. Yet nearly twice that number were eligible to vote. George W. Bush was elected president with less than 50 percent of the popular vote.

I. Major Types of Government (pages 18– 20) A. Governments may be classified according to who governs the state. B. In an autocracy, such as a dictatorship or absolute monarchy, power and authority reside in a single individual. C. In an oligarchy, such as a communist country, a small group holds power in the government. D. In a democracy, such as the United States, the people hold the sovereign power of government.

I. Major Types of Government (pages 18– 20)

I. Major Types of Government (pages 18– 20) Critics argue that the low voter turnout in recent national elections is a weakness in our democratic system. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your viewpoint. Answers will vary. Students should support their views with thoughtful analysis.

II. Characteristics of Democracy (pages 20– 23) A. Government works to secure an equal opportunity for people to develop their own abilities. B. Government is based on majority rule through the people’s elected representatives, but respects the rights of minorities. C. Government is based on free and open elections in which every citizen has the right to vote, every vote has equal weight, and candidates for office can freely express their views. D. Political parties choose candidates for office, respect the voters’ decisions in elections, and act as loyal opposition.

II. Characteristics of Democracy (pages 20– 23) Why do you think that nations with wide gaps between the rich and the poor are less likely to have successful democracies? Where there are wide gaps between rich and poor there is less agreement on basic issues.

III. The Soil of Democracy (pages 23– 24) A. Certain conditions or environments favor the development of the democratic system of government. B. Countries where citizens participate fully in civic life are more likely to maintain a strong democracy. C. Stable, growing economies with a large middle class help strengthen democracies. D. A public school system open to all people helps promote democracy.

III. The Soil of Democracy (pages 23– 24) E. A strong civil society in which a network of voluntary organizations (including economic groups, religious groups, and many others) exists independent of government helps democracy to flourish. F. The people accept democratic values such as individual liberty and equality for all in a social consensus.

III. The Soil of Democracy (pages 23– 24) As a society, what steps do you think we might take to encourage more people to participate in our democratic government? Better education about democracy, simpler voting methods, or more direct democracy.

Checking for Understanding 1. Main Idea In a graphic organizer similar to the one below, show who rules the state in each of Aristotle’s three classifications of government. autocracy—one person oligarchy—few people democracy—many people

Checking for Understanding Match the term with the correct definition. ___ D monarchy ___ E republic ___ A free enterprise ___ C autocracy ___ B oligarchy A. the opportunity to control one’s own economic decisions B. a system of government in which a small group holds power C. a system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual D. autocracy in which a king, queen, or emperor exercises supreme powers of government E. a government in which voters hold sovereign power; elected representatives, responsible to the people, exercise that power

Checking for Understanding 3. Identify “one person, one vote. ” This is the principle that everyone’s vote carries the same weight and a characteristic of free elections found in a democracy.

Checking for Understanding 4. What other characteristics of democracy distinguish it from other forms of government? Answers may include individual liberty, majority rule with minority rights, free elections with secret ballots, and rival political parties.

Critical Thinking 5. Distinguishing Fact from Opinion Suppose you are assigned to interview the president of the Republic of Mauritania. What questions would help you determine if democracy exists there? Answers may include: How many political parties are there? Do people vote by secret ballot? Do people have equal opportunity to develop talents? How are minority rights protected?

Cultural Pluralism How well are the will of the majority and the rights of minorities being preserved in the United States? Ask several people their opinions. Come to class prepared to share your findings.

Economic Theories Key Terms economics, capitalism, free market, laissez-faire, socialism, bourgeoisie, proletariat, communism, command economy Find Out • In what three ways has the United States modified its free enterprise system? • According to Karl Marx, what was the ultimate goal of true communism?

Economic Theories Understanding Concepts Free Enterprise What features of the American economy provide incentive for people to achieve economic goals? Section Objective Name the ways the United States has modified its free enterprise system.

Before William Fagots was 40 years old, he was the richest person in the United States. He made his billions as head of Microsoft Corporation. By the late 1990 s, Gates was also the richest person in the world.

I. The Role of Economic Systems (page 26) A. Governments provide for many different kinds of economic systems. B. Economic systems make decisions about what goods and services should be produced, how they should be produced, and who gets them.

I. The Role of Economic Systems (page 26) Why is some government involvement necessary for economic systems to function? Government must provide the basic structure in which an economic system may function.

II. Capitalism (pages 26– 28) A. Capitalism is based on free enterprise, or individual economic choices. B. Capitalism developed gradually from the economic and political changes in medieval and early modern Europe. C. The United States has a capitalist economy, but government plays a role.

II. Capitalism (pages 26– 28) D. Government’s role in the U. S. economy has increased since the early 1900 s. E. Today the United States has a mixed market economy, incorporating both free enterprise and government regulation of business and industry.

II. Capitalism (pages 26– 28) What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of capitalism? Advantages: incentives to achieve individual potential, freedom Disadvantages: extremes of wealth and poverty

III. Socialism (page 28) A. Under socialism, government owns the basic means of production, plans the use of resources, distributes many products and wages, and provides basic social services. B. Socialism developed in Europe during the nineteenth century.

III. Socialism (page 28) C. Some socialists favored taking over the government by means of revolution, while other socialists believed in democratic socialism, in which economic conditions change peacefully and people have some freedoms and rights. D. Socialist governments have taken power in several countries; however, critics argue that this economic system fails to solve most economic problems.

III. Socialism (page 28) What groups benefit most from socialism? Those who use more government services, such as health care and public transportation, benefit most from socialism.

IV. Communism (pages 29– 30) A. Communism is based on the nineteenthcentury ideas of Karl Marx, who argued that capitalism exploited workers to benefit a small group of capitalists who controlled the economy. B. Marx predicted workers would eventually rise in a violent revolution, which would result in government ownership of all means of production and distribution; when all property was held in common, there would be no need for government.

IV. Communism (pages 29– 30) C. In communist nations, government makes all economic decisions; owns the land, natural resources, industry, banks, and transportation system; and controls all mass communication.

IV. Communism (pages 29– 30) Why have governments of communist nations such as China used a system of five year plans for the economy? To show the government’s commitment to progress, elicit support, and provide a measuring unit.

Checking for Understanding 1. Main Idea In a graphic organizer similar to the one below, identify three functions of economic systems. Economic systems decide: what is produced, how it is produced, and who gets what is produced.

Checking for Understanding Match the term with the correct definition. ___ C free market ___ D laissez-faire ___ A proletariat A. workers who produce the goods B. an economic system in which the government controls the factors of production ___ B command economy C. ___ E bourgeoisie economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and on individual economic freedom D. the philosophy that government should keep its hands off the economy E. capitalists who own the means of production

Checking for Understanding 3. Identify Adam Smith, Karl Marx. Adam Smith was a Scottish philosopher and economist who provided the basic idea of laissez-faire economics, as it applied to a free market system. Karl Marx, a German thinker and writer, was a socialist who advocated violent revolution and wrote The Communist Manifesto.

Checking for Understanding 4. What did Marx believe would happen in a true communist economy? There would be no need for government.

Critical Thinking 5. Making Inferences What ideas presented by Karl Marx appealed to people in nations where wealth was unevenly distributed? Workers would revolt against capitalists, property would be held in common, and one class would evolve.

Free Enterprise Competition is an important factor in the United States economy. Find advertisements in newspapers that illustrate various kinds of competition. Display these ads on a bulletin board. Should the government regulate prices? Why or why not?

Reviewing Key Terms Insert the terms below into the following paragraph to describe the nature of government and differing political and economic systems. Each term should be used only once. constitutionsovereignty democracy communism autocracy capitalism state free market republic command economy

Reviewing Key Terms Every (1) has a form of government that has (2) within its territorial boundaries. A (3) is a government of and by the people that may have a (4) that protects the rights of the people —unlike an (5) that concentrates power in the hands of one person. The United States is a (6) with elected representation. It has a mixed economy based on (7). The (8) allows buyers and sellers to make economic decisions about what to produce, how much to produce, and who gets the goods and services produced. In contrast, under (9), the People’s Republic of China and other states have operated a (10) with government planning. 1. state 2. sovereignty 3. democracy 4. constitution 5. autocracy 6. republic 7. capitalism 8. free market 9. communism 10. command economy

Recalling Facts 1. Why did the thirteen British colonies in America become known as “states”? They became known as “states” to establish their sovereignty when declaring independence from Great Britain. At that time each state considered itself a country. 2. What system of government divides power among different levels rather than giving all power to a central government? The federal system divides power among different levels.

Recalling Facts 3. Describe three kinds of nonstate groups that influence national politics. Political movements, such as national liberation organizations maintain diplomatic relations with many states; multinational corporations have offices and factories in many states—they carry out activities on a global scale; international organizations undertake a variety of tasks, often to serve the needs of member states.

Recalling Facts 4. How is a direct democracy different from a representative democracy? In a direct democracy the people govern themselves by voting on issues individually at meetings that all citizens may attend. In a republic, people elect representatives to govern for them. 5. What is the role of government in a laissez-faire economic system? The government avoids interfering except to ensure free competition in the marketplace.

Understanding Concepts 1. Public Policy List the major advantages of living under a constitutional government. Answers may include: The government’s power is limited by the powers assigned to it and with held from it; powers are divided among branches of government; the people maintain sovereignty.

Understanding Concepts 2. Global Perspective Which of the following ideas do you perceive to be the most powerful force in the world today: communism, socialism, or capitalism? Explain. Students will probably choose capitalism since many communist or socialist systems have failed or are faltering. However, students’ reasoning is more important than the choice of system.

Critical Thinking 1. Understanding Cause and Effect Why is widespread educational opportunity necessary for a nation to develop a democratic system? Without education, people do not have the skills and knowledge to make informed, intelligent choices.

Critical Thinking 2. Making Comparisons In a Venn diagram like the one below, show capitalism, democratic socialism, and communism are alike and different. Capitalism: private property; business competition; profit motive; freedom of choice Socialism: peaceful change; government owns basic industries and provides social services; freedom of choice Communism: violent revolution; no private property

Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity 1. What is the subject of the painting in the cartoon? It shows the writers of the Constitution, the Founders of the United States.

Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity 2. According to the painting, who were the Founders of the United States? They were white men.

Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity 3. What message is the cartoonist trying to communicate? The cartoonist wants to communicate the absence of women among the Founders.

Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity 4. Do you think women influenced the creation of the United States government? Why or why not? Possible answer: Yes, although women were treated as second-class citizens, they still influenced society at that time and thus affected the ideas of the Founders.

Why does Delaware call itself the First State? It was the first state to ratify the Constitution.

1) He felt they could not coexist. 2) He did not support it. 3) Yes, they both government or the state should provide for the wants of the people.

1) OAS and NAFTA 2) Interpol, the UN, and the World Trade Organization 3) Possible answers include OPEC, the EU, the Arab League, or the CIS

1) representative democracy 2) oligarchy 3) No, some monarchies are democracies where the monarch’s powers are limited.

1) capitalism with a mixedmarket economy 2) socialism and communism 3) capitalism

Summarizing News Articles Find a news article pertaining to some topic covered in the chapter, write a summary of the article, and explain how it relates to the chapter. Then write three questions that are answered in the article. Post students’ articles, summaries, and questions on the bulletin board and vote to choose the five that are most clearly related to the chapter.

Nationalism fosters both unity and dissension. Slavic groups wanting their own nation-states created political unrest in Eastern Europe in the 1800 s. After World War I, Slavic peoples were united to form Yugoslavia. In fact, until 1929, Yugoslavia was called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. In the 1990 s, however, nationalism undermined this state. What was once the nation of Yugoslavia has been divided into the present-day nations of Serbia and Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, and Croatia.

The Chinese conducted censuses as early as 3000 B. C. for tax purposes. In ancient Rome, census takers listed people and property for purposes of taxation and military service.

After the Constitution was ratified, a member of the House of Representatives reacted to the job ahead— launching the new government—by exclaiming, “We are in a wilderness!”

More About Government in Daily Life In recent years state and federal governments have passed laws aimed at protecting Americans’ health. Examples are the Clean Water Act of 1987, which authorized $18 billion through 1994 for construction of sewer plants and cleanup of toxic “hot spots; ” and the Beach Program, which was established in 1997 to detect harmful contaminants in the water of the nation’s beaches. Information about the water quality at beaches and potential health risks is available on the Beach Watch Internet site.

Manifesto, a public declaration of intentions or political principles, comes from the Latin word manifestus, meaning palpable, or literally, “gripped by hand. ” The word manifest, which means obvious or apparent, comes from the same root.

Striking a Note for Liberty The Liberty Bell was one of America’s earliest symbols of democracy and freedom. It was made in London, England, in 1752, for the Pennsylvania State House (now named Independence Hall) to honor the 50 th anniversary of the Charter of Privileges created by William Penn. Unfortunately, the bell cracked soon after it arrived in Philadelphia. A new bell was recast from its metal, but it also broke. Finally, a third bell was placed in Independence Hall in 1753, and it was rung for public announcements, including the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence, on July 8, 1776. The bell was rung every July 4 th until 1846, when a growing crack began to affect its sound. After the crack was repaired, the bell was rung again for a celebration of George Washington’s birthday later that year. The bell cracked still again (the split is about one-half inch wide and 24 and one-half inches long) and has remained silent ever since. The Liberty Bell, which is owned by the city of Philadelphia, now sits in its own special exhibition building near Independence Hall.

The Role of Government Many people in the United States agree with Abraham Lincoln that the government ought not to interfere in people’s lives unnecessarily. These people think that government has become too large and too controlling. Have students present examples that they feel show an overabundance of government control, and explain how we could get along without such control. Allow students who disagree time to prepare a rebuttal.

Safety versus Freedom Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian economy has often teetered on the brink of disaster. People have lost their jobs, a large homeless population exists, and organized crime has rapidly increased. Faced with this situation, some people long for the “good old days” of communism. Others point to hopeful signs in the economy and the growth of private enterprise, saying that this is a transitional period, and that conditions will improve. Choose a side and prepare an argument in support of your choice. Present your argument to the class.

Election Day Find out how you can help on Election Day. If you are under 18 years old, you probably cannot do official tasks, but you might run errands, bring coffee or snacks to election workers, or direct voters to the appropriate line or room. You could also help those running for office by carrying signs or distributing flyers.

Literature In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies a group of schoolboys have crashed on a deserted island. Their attempts to set up a democratic society fail, and one boy, Jack, seizes power. Golding’s premise that humans are basically savage is revealed in Jack’s brutal reign of terror.

Laura Epstein The Youth Volunteer Corps of America is just one of many programs for young volunteers. In Boston, for example, young people can volunteer for City Year, a program whose aim is to carry on the legacy of the civil rights movement. Youths of all ethnic backgrounds earn $100 per week from September to June, cleaning parks and playgrounds, planting trees, working as teachers’ aides, and staffing after-school programs for children. At the end of their service, they receive a $5, 000 award in the form of a scholarship or savings certificate. Activity: Consider ways in which you could match the activities of the Youth Volunteer Corps of America or City Year.

James Madison (1751– 1836) As the primary designer of the Virginia Plan, upon which the Constitution is based, Madison became an important member of the Constitutional Convention. He also kept records of the proceedings, which were closed to the public. Published 50 years after the convention, his notes provide the main source of information about the convention. Madison later served as the fourth president of the United States (1809– 1817).

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