An Interactive Approach to Teaching L 2 Reading

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An Interactive Approach to Teaching L 2 Reading: From the Bottom-Up Heidi Hyte Brigham

An Interactive Approach to Teaching L 2 Reading: From the Bottom-Up Heidi Hyte Brigham Young University heidi_hyte@byu. edu heidi@readinghorizons. com

Webinar Objectives • Provide examples of bottom-up, top • • down, and interactive strategies

Webinar Objectives • Provide examples of bottom-up, top • • down, and interactive strategies for teaching L 2 reading. Provide practical methodology and approaches to teaching bottom-up strategies in L 2 reading. Offer rationale for the role of students’ phonemic awareness.

What is reading? The ability to successfully generate meaning from text.

What is reading? The ability to successfully generate meaning from text.

What is fluent reading?

What is fluent reading?

What is fluent reading? “The ability to read at an appropriate rate with adequate

What is fluent reading? “The ability to read at an appropriate rate with adequate comprehension” (68). Anderson, N. J. (2003). Exploring Skills: Reading. In D. Nunan (Ed. ), Practical English Language Teaching (pp. 6786). New York: Mc. Graw-Hill.

What is strategic reading?

What is strategic reading?

What is strategic reading? “The ability of the reader to use a wide variety

What is strategic reading? “The ability of the reader to use a wide variety of reading strategies to accomplish a purpose for reading” (68). Anderson, N. J. (2003). Exploring Skills: Reading. In D. Nunan (Ed. ), Practical English Language Teaching (pp. 6786). New York: Mc. Graw-Hill.

What is the goal of reading? Comprehension

What is the goal of reading? Comprehension

Factors that influence reading comprehension:

Factors that influence reading comprehension:

Factors that influence reading comprehension: • The reader • The text • Interaction between

Factors that influence reading comprehension: • The reader • The text • Interaction between the reader and the text: o. Strategies o. Schema o. Purpose for reading o. Manner of reading Aebersold, J. & Field, M. L. , (1997). From reader to reading teacher: Issues and strategies for second language classrooms. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Models of Reading • Bottom-up processing (decoding) • Top-down processing • Interactive approach

Models of Reading • Bottom-up processing (decoding) • Top-down processing • Interactive approach

Bottom-up Processing Reader builds meaning from the smallest units of meaning to achieve comprehension.

Bottom-up Processing Reader builds meaning from the smallest units of meaning to achieve comprehension. Example letters letter clusters words phrases sentences longer text meaning = comprehension

Top-down Processing Reader generates meaning by employing background knowledge, expectations, assumptions, and questions, and

Top-down Processing Reader generates meaning by employing background knowledge, expectations, assumptions, and questions, and reads to confirm these expectations. Example Pre-reading activities (i. e. activating schema, Aebersold, J. & Field, M. L. , (1997). From reader to reading teacher: Issues and strategies for second language previewing, and predicting) + background classrooms. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Interactive Approach Reader uses both bottom-up and top-down strategies simultaneously or alternately to comprehend

Interactive Approach Reader uses both bottom-up and top-down strategies simultaneously or alternately to comprehend the text. Example Reader uses top-down strategies until he/she Aebersold, J. & Field, M. L. , (1997). From reader to reading teacher: Issues and strategies for second language classrooms. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Interactive Approach Knowledge base + bottom-up strategies + top-down strategies = comprehension

Interactive Approach Knowledge base + bottom-up strategies + top-down strategies = comprehension

Which model should be adopted? The reader must be competent in both bottom-up and

Which model should be adopted? The reader must be competent in both bottom-up and top-down processing. Nunes, T. (1999). Learning to read: An integrated view from research and practice. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.

Interaction (“balance”) of bottom-up and top-down strategies:

Interaction (“balance”) of bottom-up and top-down strategies:

Interaction (“balance”) of bottom-up and top-down strategies: Top-down

Interaction (“balance”) of bottom-up and top-down strategies: Top-down

Interaction (“balance”) of bottom-up and top-down strategies: Bottom-up

Interaction (“balance”) of bottom-up and top-down strategies: Bottom-up

Interaction (“balance”) of bottom-up and top-down strategies: Bottom-up Top-down

Interaction (“balance”) of bottom-up and top-down strategies: Bottom-up Top-down

Interaction (“balance”) of bottom-up and top-down strategies: Top-down strategies (“whole language” approach) ________ _

Interaction (“balance”) of bottom-up and top-down strategies: Top-down strategies (“whole language” approach) ________ _ Bottom-up strategies (“phonics” approach) ________ _ Examples: • decoding • using • • capitalization to infer proper nouns graded reader approach pattern recognition Bottom-up Top-down Examples: • using • • • background knowledge predicting guessing the meaning of unknown words from context skimming/sca nning

Models of Reading: Application Top-down processing The kenlig coddlers canly kimpled in the cumpy

Models of Reading: Application Top-down processing The kenlig coddlers canly kimpled in the cumpy kebs. 1) What kind of coddlers were they? 2) What did the coddlers do? 3) How did they do it? 4) Where did they do it?

Models of Reading: Application Bottom-up processing The kenlig coddlers canly kimpled in the cumpy

Models of Reading: Application Bottom-up processing The kenlig coddlers canly kimpled in the cumpy kebs. When do you spell words with a C or a K? • kenlig • coddlers • canly • kimpled

Decoding Strategy: The C and K Skill C – a, o, u K –

Decoding Strategy: The C and K Skill C – a, o, u K – i, e cat kid cob Ken cup kin can keg

Models of Reading: Application Bottom-up processing The kenlig coddlers canly kimpled in the cumpy

Models of Reading: Application Bottom-up processing The kenlig coddlers canly kimpled in the cumpy kebs. When do you spell words with a C or a K? kenlig coddlers canly • • •

Top-down Strategies: Application Step 1: Read the title. Predict what the text is going

Top-down Strategies: Application Step 1: Read the title. Predict what the text is going to be about. Step 2: Ask questions: - What is your purpose for reading this text? - What type of text is this? (A newspaper article? A letter? A textbook? A poem? ) - What is a “Jabberwocky”? Step 3: Activate background knowledge:

Top-down Strategies: Application “Jabberwocky” By Lewis Carroll (from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice

Top-down Strategies: Application “Jabberwocky” By Lewis Carroll (from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, 1872)

Top-down Strategies: Application “Jabberwocky” By Lewis Carroll (from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice

Top-down Strategies: Application “Jabberwocky” By Lewis Carroll (from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, 1872) `Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe: All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe.

Top-down Strategies: Application • Which top-down strategies did you use while reading to help

Top-down Strategies: Application • Which top-down strategies did you use while reading to help you comprehend the text? • Were your top-down strategies enough to read the text? • What did you do when you came across an unfamiliar word?

Bottom-up Strategies: Application How do you read these words? wabe brillig

Bottom-up Strategies: Application How do you read these words? wabe brillig

Bottom-up (Decoding) Strategies: Framework of Phonics: 42 sounds 5 phonetic skills 2 decoding skills

Bottom-up (Decoding) Strategies: Framework of Phonics: 42 sounds 5 phonetic skills 2 decoding skills

Five Phonetic Skills * 1. met X

Five Phonetic Skills * 1. met X

Five Phonetic Skills * * 2. jump X

Five Phonetic Skills * * 2. jump X

Five Phonetic Skills 3. me X

Five Phonetic Skills 3. me X

Five Phonetic Skills 4. smile X X

Five Phonetic Skills 4. smile X X

Five Phonetic Skills 5. boat X X

Five Phonetic Skills 5. boat X X

Five Phonetic Skills * 1. met * * 2. jump 3. me 4. smile

Five Phonetic Skills * 1. met * * 2. jump 3. me 4. smile 5. boat X X X X

Five Phonetic Skills How do you decode this word? wabe

Five Phonetic Skills How do you decode this word? wabe

Five Phonetic Skills How do you decode this word? wabe X X

Five Phonetic Skills How do you decode this word? wabe X X

Decoding Skill #1 motel

Decoding Skill #1 motel

Decoding Skill #1 3. mote 1. mo X X * 2. mot X X

Decoding Skill #1 3. mote 1. mo X X * 2. mot X X 4. motel X X

Decoding Skill #1 motel X X One consonant (guardian) goes on

Decoding Skill #1 motel X X One consonant (guardian) goes on

Decoding Skill #1 provide X X X One consonant (guardian) goes on

Decoding Skill #1 provide X X X One consonant (guardian) goes on

Decoding Skill #2 campus X X Two consonants (guardians) split

Decoding Skill #2 campus X X Two consonants (guardians) split

Decoding Skill #2 How do you decode this word? brillig

Decoding Skill #2 How do you decode this word? brillig

Decoding Skill #2 How do you decode this word? brillig X X

Decoding Skill #2 How do you decode this word? brillig X X

Bottom-up Strategies: Application How do you read these words? wabe brillig

Bottom-up Strategies: Application How do you read these words? wabe brillig

The role of phonemic awareness What is phonemic awareness? • The consciousness that words

The role of phonemic awareness What is phonemic awareness? • The consciousness that words are • composed of separate sounds The strategies used to: o. Segment strings of sounds

The role of phonemic awareness Why is it important for ESL/EFL readers?

The role of phonemic awareness Why is it important for ESL/EFL readers?

The role of phonemic awareness Why is it important for ESL/EFL readers? “ESL and

The role of phonemic awareness Why is it important for ESL/EFL readers? “ESL and EFL learners need to acquire the knowledge base of English phonemes so that their aural discrimination of sounds can proceed effortlessly, quickly, and unconsciously” (53). Birch, Barbara M. (2002). English L 2 Reading: Getting to the Bottom. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

The role of phonemic awareness Why is it important for ESL/EFL readers? “Phonemic awareness

The role of phonemic awareness Why is it important for ESL/EFL readers? “Phonemic awareness is an important precursor for alphabetic reading, but paradoxically people often acquire it as a result of learning to read an alphabet” (54). Birch, Barbara M. (2002). English L 2 Reading: Getting to the Bottom. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

The role of phonemic awareness Why is it important for ESL/EFL readers?

The role of phonemic awareness Why is it important for ESL/EFL readers?

Application: Now What? 1) First provide explicit instruction in bottomup/decoding strategies, then allow opportunities

Application: Now What? 1) First provide explicit instruction in bottomup/decoding strategies, then allow opportunities to practice bottom-up strategies in extensive reading materials.

Application: Now What? 2) Use shorter passages to teach intensive reading skills and longer

Application: Now What? 2) Use shorter passages to teach intensive reading skills and longer texts to apply topdown strategies.

Application: Now What? 3) Select materials for both intensive (teaching explicit strategies) and extensive

Application: Now What? 3) Select materials for both intensive (teaching explicit strategies) and extensive (application of strategies) purposes. One single text generally cannot meet both needs.

Application: Now What? 4) When teaching new vocabulary, provide explicit decoding strategies to enable

Application: Now What? 4) When teaching new vocabulary, provide explicit decoding strategies to enable learners to develop phonemic awareness. - rhyming games (mat pat) - manipulation of beginning, middle, and end of words (mat pet pen)

Self Reflection Take a moment to ponder the answers to the questions on the

Self Reflection Take a moment to ponder the answers to the questions on the following slide. As you answer these questions, think of your students’ needs. What kind of strategies do you need to equip your students with in order to help them achieve the goal of comprehension?

Self Reflection 1) What strategies do YOU use to teach reading?

Self Reflection 1) What strategies do YOU use to teach reading?

Self Reflection 1) What strategies do YOU use to teach reading? 2) When you

Self Reflection 1) What strategies do YOU use to teach reading? 2) When you learned how to read, did you learn both bottom-up and top-down skills?

Self Reflection 1) What strategies do YOU use to teach reading? 2) When you

Self Reflection 1) What strategies do YOU use to teach reading? 2) When you learned how to read, did you learn both bottom-up and top-down skills? 3) When you teach reading, do you rely more on teaching top-down strategies? If so, why?

Self Reflection 1) What strategies do YOU use to teach reading? 2) When you

Self Reflection 1) What strategies do YOU use to teach reading? 2) When you learned how to read, did you learn both bottom-up and top-down skills? 3) When you teach reading, do you rely more on teaching top-down strategies? If so, why? 4) Are you an interactive reading

Why bottom-up? “Despite the emergence of interactive models, I am concerned that much of

Why bottom-up? “Despite the emergence of interactive models, I am concerned that much of the second language reading literature continues to exhibit a strongly top-down bias… This research has resulted in many useful insights, but the lack of attention to decoding problems has, I think, produced a somewhat distorted picture of the true range of problems second language readers face” Eskey, D. (1993). Holding in the bottom: An interactive approach to the language problems of second language readers. In P. Carrell, J. Devine, & D. Eskey (Eds. ), Interactive approaches to second language reading (pp. 93

Why bottom-up? “In practical terms, my concern is thus to keep the language in

Why bottom-up? “In practical terms, my concern is thus to keep the language in the teaching of second language reading. That may not sound very controversial, but I think that in promoting higher-level strategies--like predicting from context or the use of schemata and other kinds of background knowledge--some researchers have been sending a message to teachers that the teaching of reading to second language readers is mostly just a mater of providing them with the right background knowledge for any texts they must read, and encouraging them to make full use of that knowledge in decoding those texts. Though that is certainly important, it is also, I think, potentially misleading as a total approach…We must not, I believe, lose sight of the fact that Eskey, D. (1993). Holding in the bottom: An interactive approach to the language problems of second language is a major problem in second language reading, and readers. In P. Carrell, J. Devine, & D. Eskey (Eds. ), Interactive approaches to second language reading (pp. 93 that even educated guessing at meaning is not a substitute for

What’s your opinion? “[The introduction of top-down processing] has had such a profound impact

What’s your opinion? “[The introduction of top-down processing] has had such a profound impact [on second language reading] that there has been a tendency to view the introduction of a strong top-down processing perspective as a substitute for the bottom-up, decoding view of reading, rather than its complement” (3 -4). Carrell, P. (1993). Introduction: Interactive approaches to second language reading. In P. Carrell, J. Devine, & D. Eskey (Eds. ), Interactive approaches to second language reading (pp. 1 -7). Cambridge, England: ambridge

Sources Aebersold, J. & Field, M. L. , (1997). From reader to reading teacher:

Sources Aebersold, J. & Field, M. L. , (1997). From reader to reading teacher: Issues and strategies for second language classrooms. New York: Cambridge University Press. Anderson, N. J. (2003). Exploring Skills: Reading. In D. Nunan (Ed. ), Practical English Language Teaching (pp. 67 -86). New York: Mc. Graw-Hill. Birch, B. M, (2002). English L 2 Reading: Getting to the Bottom. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Carrell, P. (1993). Introduction: Interactive approaches to second language reading. In P. Carrell, J. Devine, & D. Eskey (Eds. ), Interactive approaches to second language reading (pp. 1 -7). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Eskey, D. (1993). Holding in the bottom: An interactive approach to the language problems of second language readers. In P. Carrell, J. Devine, & D. Eskey (Eds. ), Interactive approaches to second language reading (pp. 93 -100). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.