PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING Topic Different Approaches and Methods

PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING Topic: Different Approaches and Methods

Introduction Different approaches differ in the level of teacher and student participation. We start describing these approaches from that approach with the highest to the lowest level of teacher direction or from the lowest to the highest level of student participation. On the basis of student and teacher involvement, these methods are categorized as direct/expository approach or guided/exploratory approach.

Basic Concepts: �Approach - one’s viewpoint toward teaching or refers to what one believes in, regarding teaching, upon which teaching behaviors are based. �Method - a series of related and progressive acts performed by a teacher and students to achieve the objective of the lesson.

Two Types of Teaching Approaches Directive Direct Approach Expository Method Deductive Demonstrative Inductive Exploratory Reflective Indirect/ Guided Approach Constructivism Exploratory Method Problem Solving Laboratory Inquiry Metacognition

When to use : Direct Instruction/ Expository • Content oriented • Factual Information • Similar information directly available – no effort to look for it Indirect (Guided Instruction)/ Exploratory • Experience oriented • Developmental / formulation of concept, principles, skills, attitudes, and values • Information not available – needs to be discovered yet

Direct/Expository Instruction Approach Direct instruction is a way of teaching which is aimed at helping students acquire some basic skills and “procedural knowledge. ” It is straight forward and is done in “a step-bystep manner. ” The emphasis is on how to execute the steps of the entire procedure. This may involve a simple or a complex skill such as solving a problem by using mathematical equations.

It includes presentation and recitation, as well as teacher-student interactions. Attention is focused on every detail of the procedure. Content mastery and over-learning of fundamental facts. Teachers will need to motivate and heighten the interest of the students.

Performance-based subjects such as Science, Mathematics, Music and Physical Education are taught by this technique. Strategies used in Direct Instruction: 1. Lecture and Student Recitation 2. Deduction 3. Expository/didactic method 4. Demonstration method

To employ this methodology, follow these steps: -Provide the rationale -Demonstrate the skill -Provide guided practice -Check for understanding and provide feedback -Provide extended practice and transfer

Characteristics of Direct Instruction: �Teacher-directed and teacher dominated. �Teaching of skill. The students gain “how” rather than “what” (procedural knowledge). Each step must be mastered. �Step by step procedure with no step missed. �Lesson objectives easily observed behaviors that can be measured accurately. The level of performance can be assessed from the number of steps performed correctly. �Form of learning through imitation ( behavioral modeling).

Examples: �Sample Lessons with Step-By-Step Tasks �Executing steps of a folkdance �Steps in preparing a meal �Writing a letter �Solving Math problems

Deductive Method �Teacher-dominated approach �It begins with the abstract rule, generalization, principle and ends with specific examples and concrete details �Cover a wider scope of subject matter �Learning is a passive process, the learners do not take part in the formation of the conclusion or generalizations �Drills or exercises come after the explanation of the rule or principle

Example: Geography The teacher begins her lesson with a generalization that geographical location influences peoples’ way of life. She will present a map of the Philippines. Then study the map with them. Those who live in wide plains like Central Plain of Luzon, Cagayan Valley have rice as main product and farming as main occupation. Those who live near the sea are fishermen. Their main product is fish.

Example: Science �Teacher defines: All animals with a backbone are classified as vertebrates. �Teacher gives examples: A dog is a vertebrate because it possesses a backbone. Fish, frogs and cows are vertebrates, they possess a backbone.

Example: Math �Teacher explains the rules first: To add similar fractions just add the numerators then copy the denominator. �The teacher will then give examples. �After the teacher will give written exercises to the pupils.

Advantages of Deductive Method: �Wider scope of subject matter because the instruction is direct by stating at once the rules or the principles at the beginning of the class. �Teacher does not have to worry about what questions to ask in order for learners to reach a generalization or conclusion.

Disadvantages of Deductive Method �Passive learning with less involvement on the part of the learners. �The learners do not take part in the formation of a conclusion or generalizations. �Learners’ involvement will be drills or exercises that come after the explanation of the rule or principle. �Lesson appears uninteresting at first. Teacher begins the lesson with the abstract based on what the learners do not know.

Inductive Method �It begins with specific details, concrete data and examples and ends with an abstract thought. �Learners are more engaged in the teachinglearning process �Learning becomes more interesting at the outset because teachers begin with the experiences of the students. They begin with what they know. �It helps the development of our learners’ higher order thinking skills. To see patterns and analyze them in order to arrive at generalizations which requires analytical thinking.

Inductive Method �It requires more time and so less subject matter will be covered �A lot of time is needed to lead students to formulate generalizations �Teachers must ask the right questions, organize answers and comments to pave the way to the development of generalizations or principles

Example: Geography The teacher will show the class a map of the Philippines and then ask the class to study it with special attention to geographical features and economic products. To guide them in their analysis, she will ask the students questions like ‘what is the occupation of people who live by the sea? ’ ‘What is their main means of livelihood? ’ ‘What generalization can you draw about the relationship between geographical features of a place and the peoples’ means of livelihood? ’

Example: Science �To discuss body parts of an animal and to discover if it has a backbone. �Teacher will say the dog has a backbone and is a vertebrate. A fish, frog and cow also have backbones. �Then the students will conclude that the dog, fish, cow and frog are vertebrates.

Advantages of Inductive Methods �The learners are more engaged in the teachinglearning process. The learners formulate generalizations and rules. �Learning becomes more interesting from the outset because teachers begin with the experiences of the students. Teachers begin with what the students know. �It helps the development of the learners’ higher order thinking skills. To see patterns and to analyze and thus arrive at general statements requires analytical thinking.

Disadvantages of Inductive Method �It requires more time and so less subject matter will be covered. Teachers need more time to lead students to the formulation of general concepts. �It demands expert facilitating skills on the part of the teacher. Teachers must ask the right questions and organize answers and comments to pave the way towards the formation of generalizations and principles.

Deductive Method Inductive Method 1. It gives new knowledge directly. 1. It gives new knowledge indirectly. 2. It is a method of verification. 2. It is a method of discovery. 3. It is the method of instruction. 3. It is a method of teaching. 4. Students get ready made information and makes use of it. 4. Students acquire first hand knowledge and information by actual observation. 5. It is a quick process. 5. It is a slow process. 6. It encourages dependence on other sources. 6. It trains the mind and gives self confidence and initiative. 7. There is less scope of activity in it. 7. It is full of activity. 8. It is a downward process of thought and leads to useful results. 8. It is an upward process of thought and leads to principles.

Let’s Review our Understanding: Between the deductive and the induction method, - which method is more teacher-directed? - which one engages more the learners in conceptual understanding? - which demands more teacher’s skillful questioning?

Let’s Review our Understanding: Between the deductive and the induction method, - which tends to depth retention of learning? - which learning method is more predictable? - which works better for learning large numbers of facts and concrete concepts faster?

Demonstration Method �Demonstration is a learning activity which is performed by a student, a group of 3 to 4 members or a teacher while the rest become observers. �Teacher-dominated �Teachers show to operate and handle equipment while the class observes

Demonstration Method �Teacher should be knowledgeable in preparing the apparatus needed according to the steps to be followed. �The rest of the class becomes focused on the activity and concentration on the subject is assured.

Advantages of Demonstration Method �It follows a systematic procedure and students will be able to learn from a well-tried procedure since the demonstrators are selected and assumed to be skilled. �The use of expensive equipment and machines will be maximized. �Possible wastage of time, effort and resources will be avoided since the demonstration is supposed to be well-planned in advance.

Advantages of Demonstration Method �It will not result in trial-and-error learning as happens with unplanned learning activities. �Findings are reliable and accurate since the procedures have been tried before. �The confidence of the students is developed from hands-on demonstrations. �Curiosity and keen observing ability are instilled among the observers

Examples: �How to focus a microscope �Preserving flowers and other specimens �Performing First-Aid �How to mix ingredients for a menu

Let’s Review: 1. Modeling… a. is a direct teaching activity. b. is seldom used by effective teachers. c. allows students to imitate from demonstration or infer from observation the behavior to be learned. d. both a and c.

2. Direct Instruction is more appropriate when… a. cooperative learning is not an option. b. the teacher needs to arouse or heighten student interest. c. attempting to achieve content mastery and over-learning of fundamental facts. d. All of the above.

3. This method of teaching presents a general concept by first defining and then providing examples or illustrations that demonstrate the idea until concept mastery is achieved. a. Inductive b. Deductive c. Directive d. Demonstrative

4. Mr. Cruz is very careful in his classroom about using his class time efficiently and having active student practice. To do this, Mr. Cruz uses an instructional sequence of review, presenting new content, practice, feedback, and reteaching. He is attempting to achieve the goals of… a. mastery learning b. indirect instruction c. lecturing d. cooperative learning

5. Among the methods/approaches discussed, which teaching method/s is used in Guided/Exploratory Approach? a. Direct Instruction b. Deductive Method c. Inductive Method d. both b & c

Thank you!