Printable Nitrogen Cycle Interactive Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Text

Back to Intro Page GLOBAL WARMING ATMOSPHERE N 2 O NO N 2 PLANT LOSS INDUSTRIAL FIXATION N 2 FIXATION SYMBIOTIC NON-SYMBIOTIC MESQUITE RHIZOBIUM ALFALFA SOYBEAN BLUE-GREEN ALGAE AZOTOBACTER CLOSTRIDIUM LIGHTNING, RAINFALL PLANT AND ANIMAL RESIDUES HABER BOSCH (1200°C, 500 atm) 3 H 2 + N 2 2 NH 3 MATERIALS WITH N CONTENT > 1. 5% (COW MANURE) FERTILIZATION AMINO ACIDS MATERIALS WITH N CONTENT < 1. 5% (WHEAT STRAW) N IAL ITIO OB POS R C MI COM DE N ATIO BILIZ O M IM NH 3 AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION AMINIZATION R-NH 2 + ENERGY + CO 2 BACTERIA (p. H>6. 0) FUNGI (p. H<6. 0) IMMOBILIZATION MINERALIZATION + NITRIFICATION -3 -3 0 1 2 3 5 2 NH 4+ + 2 OHFIXED ON EXCHANGE SITES NO 2 - ros o NO 3 POOL DENITRIFICATION LEACHING +O 2 Nit TION NH 3 AMMONIA NH 4+ AMMONIUM N 2 DIATOMIC N N 2 O NITROUS OXIDE NO NITRIC OXIDE NO 2 - NITRITE NO 3 - NITRATE MICROBIAL/PLANT SINK s N 2 O 2 - DEN ITRI FICA OXIDATION STATES R-OH + ENERGY + 2 NH 3 na Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Thiobacillus Denitrificans, and T. thioparus p. H>7. 0 R-NH 2 + H 2 O AMMONIFICATION NH 2 OH mo ORGANIC MATTER HETEROTROPHIC LEACHING VOLATILIZATION NITRIFICATION LEACHING TEMP 50°F LEACHING p. H 7. 0 NITRIFICATION Nitrobacter Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees + O 2 Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University 2 NO 2 - + H 2 O + 4 H+ ADDITIONS LOSSES OXIDATION REACTIONS REDUCTION REACTIONS

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Atmosphere Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes Plant and Animal Residues Lightning, Rainfall Fertilizer Plant Loss Volatilization R-NH 2 + Energy + CO 2 Organic Matter R-NH 2 + H 2 O N 2, N 2 O, NO Plant/Microbial Sink R-OH + Energy + 2 NH 3 NO 3 - Pool 2 NH 4+ + 2 OHSoil exchange sites Leaching 2 NO 2 - + H 2 O + 4 H+ Back to Intro Page

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle Symbiotic Rhizobium Alfalfa Mesquite Soybean Atmosphere Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Lightning, Rainfall Plant and Animal Residues Non-Symbiotic Azotobacter Cyanobacteria Clostridium Fertilizer Vi Plant Loss a. D ec Volatilization ay Organic Matter N 2, N 2 O, NO Plant/Microbial Sink NO 3 - Pool Back to Main Cycle Leaching Back to Intro Page

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Atmosphere Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes Haber-Bosch (1200 C, 500 ATM) Lightning, Rainfall Plant and Animal Residues 3 CH 4 + 3 O 2 + 2 N 2 4 NH 3 + 3 CO 2 Fertilizer Volatilization Plant Loss Organic Matter N 2, N 2 O, NO Plant/Microbial Sink NO 3 - Pool Back to Main Cycle Leaching Back to Intro Page

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Atmosphere Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes Plant and Animal Residues Lightning, Rainfall Fertilizer Plant Loss Organic Matter Volatilization Small Percentage N 2, N 2 O, NO Plant/Microbial Sink NO 3 - Pool Back to Main Cycle Leaching Soil Exchange Sites Back to Intro Page

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Atmosphere Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes Lightning, Rainfall Plant and Animal Residues Oxidation of N N 2 + 3 O 2 2 NO 3 Fertilizer Volatilization Plant Loss Organic Matter N 2, N 2 O, NO Plant/Microbial Sink NO 3 - Pool Back to Main Cycle Leaching Back to Intro Page

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Atmosphere Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes Plant and Animal Residues Lightning, Rainfall %N > 1. 5 %N < 1. 5 (Animal Manure) (Wheat Straw) n Fertilizer om ec p l. D ia ob cr Mi Plant Loss itio s o Volatilization b mo Im on ati iliz Organic Matter N 2, N 2 O, NO Plant/Microbial Sink NO 3 - Pool Back to Main Cycle Leaching Back to Intro Page

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Atmosphere Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes Lightning, Rainfall Fertilizer Plant and Animal Residues Volatilization Plant Loss Organic Matter Temperature above or below 50°F? N 2, N 2 O, NO Plant/Microbial Sink NO 3 - Pool Back to Main Cycle Leaching Back to Intro Page

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Atmosphere Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes Plant and Animal Residues Lightning, Rainfall Fertilizer Volatilization Heterotrophic Aminization R-NH 2 + Energy + CO 2 Plant Loss Organic Matter Fungi p. H < 6. 0 Bacteria p. H > 6. 0 p. H > 7. 0 Ammonification Immobilization R-NH 2 + H 2 O N 2, N 2 O, NO R-OH + Energy + 2 NH 3 Plant/Microbial Sink Immobilization +O 2 Back to Temperature Choice Leaching + H 2 O 2 NH 4+ + 2 OH- NO 3 - Pool Back to Main Cycle Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Soil exchange sites Nit rob onas act + O 2 Nitrosom er 2 NO 2 - + H 2 O + 4 H+ Back to Intro Page

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle Atmosphere Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Lightning, Rainfall Fertilizer Plant and Animal Residues Volatilization Amino Acids Plant Loss Organic Matter NH 3 N 2, N 2 O, NO NH 2 OH NO 2 N 2 O 2 - Thiobacillus, T. Thioparus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Dentrificans Back to Main Cycle Denitrification Immobilization NO 3 - Pool Leaching Plant/Microbial Sink Mineralization & Nitrification Back to Intro Page

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Atmosphere Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes Lightning, Rainfall Fertilizer Plant and Animal Residues Volatilization Plant Loss Organic Matter N 2, N 2 O, NO Plant/Microbial Sink NO 3 - Pool Back to Main Cycle Back to Temperature Choice Leaching Back to Intro Page

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Atmosphere Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes Lightning, Rainfall Fertilizer Plant and Animal Residues Volatilization Plant Loss Organic Matter Immobilization N 2, N 2 O, NO Plant/Microbial Sink NO 3 - Pool Back to Main Cycle Leaching 2 NH 4+ + 2 OH- Back to Intro Page

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Atmosphere Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes Lightning, Rainfall Fertilizer Plant and Animal Residues Volatilization Plant Loss Organic Matter N 2, N 2 O, NO Plant/Microbial Sink Thiobacillus, T. Thioparus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Dentrificans Back to Main Cycle Denitrification NO 3 - Pool Leaching Back to Intro Page

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle Atmosphere Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Lightning, Rainfall Fertilizer Plant and Animal Residues Volatilization Plant Loss Organic Matter NH 3 N 2, N 2 O, NO NH 2 OH Plant/Microbial Sink NO 2 N 2 O 2 - NO 3 - Pool Back to Main Cycle Leaching Back to Intro Page

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Atmosphere Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes Lightning, Rainfall Fertilizer Plant and Animal Residues Volatilization Plant Loss Organic Matter N 2, N 2 O, NO Plant/Microbial Sink NO 3 - Pool Back to Main Cycle Leaching Back to Intro Page

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Atmosphere Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes Plant and Animal Residues Lightning, Rainfall Fertilizer Volatilization Heterotrophic Aminization R-NH 2 + Energy + CO 2 Plant Loss Ammonification Organic Matter p. H > 7. 0 R-NH 2 + H 2 O N 2, N 2 O, NO R-OH + Energy + 2 NH 3 Plant/Microbial Sink NO 3 - Pool Back to Main Cycle Leaching Back to Intro Page

Interactive Nitrogen Cycle N 2 Fixation Joanne La. Ruffa Wade Thomason Shannon Taylor Heather Lees Atmosphere Robert Mullen Susan Mullins Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Industrial Processes Haber-Bosch (1200 C, 500 ATM) Lightning, Rainfall Plant and Animal Residues 3 CH 4 + 3 O 2 + 2 N 2 4 NH 3 + 3 CO 2 Fertilizer Heterotrophic Aminization Volatilization R-NH 2 + Energy + CO 2 Plant Loss Organic Matter N 2, N 2 O, NO Plant/Microbial Sink NO 3 - Pool Back to Main Cycle Leaching Back to Intro Page

Nitrogen Information Form taken up plant Enzymes that require N Mobility Concentration in plants Deficiency symptoms Effect of p. H on availability Soil p. H deficiency Nutrient interactions Role of N in plant growth Fertilizer sources Role of N in microbial growth References

• NH 4+ • NO 3 - Back to N Text Main Page Back to Intro Page

• Soil – NH 4+; NO – NO 3 - ; Yes • Water Soluble • Not influenced by soil colloids • Plant – Yes Back to N Text Main Page Back to Intro Page

• Chlorosis in older leaves • Under severe deficiency lower leaves are brown, beginning at the leaf tip and proceeding along the midrib Back to N Text Main Page Back to Intro Page

• None due to nitrate’s mobility Back to N Text Main Page Back to Intro Page

• N assimilation into amino acids for protein and amino acid synthesis • Component of chlorophyll • Vegetative growth Back to N Text Main Page Back to Intro Page

• Necessary for the synthesis for amino acids Back to N Text Main Page Back to Intro Page

• Nitrate reductase • Nitrite reductase • Nitrogenase Back to N Text Main Page Back to Intro Page

• Wheat 1. 7 to 3. 0% – Grain 2. 0% – Forage 3. 0% – Straw • • • Corn 2. 7 to 3. 5% Soybeans 4. 2 to 5. 5% Grain sorghum 3. 3 to 4. 0 % Peanuts 3. 5 to 4. 5 % Alfalfa 4. 5 to 5. 0% Bermudagrass 2. 5 to 3. 0% Back to N Text Main Page Back to Intro Page

• Low p. H – None • High p. H – None at p. H > 8 – At p. H > 7 NO 2 - accumulates Back to N Text Main Page Back to Intro Page

• Si: enhances leaf erectness neutralizing the negative effects of high N supply on light interception • P: symbiotic legume fixation needs adequate P, or a N deficiency can result • Mo: component of nitrogenase, therefore could have Mo induced N deficiency in N 2 fixing legumes • Fe: Necessary for nitrogenase and ferredoxin, legume hemoglobin, deficiency reduces nodule mass, and nitrogenase Back to N Text Main Page Back to Intro Page

ammonium sulfate ammonium chloride ammonium nitratesulfate ammoniated ordinarysuperphosphate monoammonium phosphate ammonium polyphosphate calcium nitrate sodium nitrate urea-sulfate urea-ammonium phosphate Back to N Text Main Page anhydrous ammonia ammonium nitrate with lime ammonium phosphatesulfate diammonium phosphate ammonium thiophosphate potassium nitrate urea-ammonium nitrate urea phosphate Back to Intro Page

• Burford, J. R. , and J. M. Bremner. 1975. Relationships between the denitrification capacities of soils and total, water-soluble and readily decomposable soil organic matter. Soil Biochem. 7: 389 -394. • Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition in Higher Plants. Academic Press, London. • Tisdale, S. L. , W. L. Nelson, J. D. Beaton, and J. L. Havlin. 1993. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. Mac. Millan Publishing Co. , New York, N. Y. Back to N Text Main Page Back to Intro Page