Unit 2 Physical Options Uned 2 Opsiynau Ffisegol

Unit 2 Physical Options Uned 2 Opsiynau Ffisegol 11 Retail and urban change 11 Newid trefol a manwerthu 2. 2. What are the current patterns of retailing in European cities? Beth yw patrymau presennol manwerthu mewn dinasoedd Ewrop? 2. 1 Where does retailing occur in the city? Ble manwerthu yn digwydd o fewn y ddinas? 2. 2 How is retailing changing and what effects does this have upon people and the environment? Sut mae manwerthu’n newid a pa effeithiau mae hyn yn eu cael ar bobl a’r amgylchedd? 2. 2

What is the pattern of shops in Manchester? Beth ydy patrwm siopau Manceinion? CBD Trafford Centre Handforth Dean / Cheadle Royal

Manchester’s CBD Manceinion Retailing and functional zoning Manwerthu a chylchfaeo swyddogaethol

Mae gan CBD Manceinion amrywiaeth fawr o siopau. Mae llawer o’r rhain i’w cael mewn ardaloedd a osodwyd ar gyfer siopau. Mae’r siopau dillad yn King Street West, siopau cadwyn ar Market Dtreet ac o fewn y Ganolfan Arndale. (Gan fod cymaint o drefi Prydain mor debyg yn yr arlwy o siopau fe’u gelwir yn drefi clôn). Mae’r siopau adran yn Piccadilly a Deansgate. Mae ardaloedd o siopau mwy arbenigol yn y Northern Quarter a Garment District. Threats to the retailing sector of the CBD Bygythiadau i sector manwerthu’r CBD The CDB of Manchester has a wide variety of shops. Many of these are found in areas which are functionally zoned. Many of the boutiques are to be found in King Street West. A wide range of typical British chain stores is to be found along Market Street and inside the Arndale Centre. (So similar are many British cities in the choice of shopping available that they have been termed ‘clone towns’. ) Many of the department stores are to be found close together in Piccadilly and Deansgate. Manchester also has more specialist areas, such as the Garment District and Northern Quarter.

However Manchester also has areas of out-of-town shopping, especially at Trafford Centre, by the M 60 ring road to the west of the city, and along the Wilmslow bypass to the south. Trafford Centre has about 300 shops, but the rents are so high only chain stores tend to go there. Ond mae gan Manceinion ardaloedd o siopa alldrefol, yn arbennig Trafford Centre ger gylchffordd y M 60 yn y gorllewin, ac ar hyd ffordd osgoi Wilmslow yn y de. Mae gan Trafford Centre tua 300 o siopau, ond mae’r rhent mor uchel dim ond siopau cadwyn sy’n gallu fforddio mynd yno.

Manchester Trafford Centre Manceinion • Location: SW edge of Manchester between junctions 9 and 10 – • Opened in September 1998 • Formerly a waste land that was part of the Trafford redevelopment area • Lleoliad: ymyl Manceinion yn y DOn ger gyffyrdd 9 a • 10 • Agorwyd ym Medi 1998 • • Tir diffaith cyn hynny yn rhan o ardal ailddatblygiad Trafford Contains shops, restaurants and leisure facilities Yn cynnwys siopau, bwytai a chyfleusterau hamdden

• • • You can see one of its 3 distinctive domes It covers about the same area as 30 football pitches It has 20 screen cinema An indoor market Parking for 10, 000 cars Good for disabled users with a Shop-mobility scheme There is a play area, a crèche and entertainment for children Dyma un o’i 3 cromen adnabyddus Mae ei arwynebedd tua’r un fath â 30 maes pêl-droed Man ganddo sinema 20 sgrîn, marchnad dan do a parcio i 10, 000 o geir Mae’n dda I siopwyr anabl gyda chynllun Shop-mobility Mae ganddo barth chwarae, meithrinfa ac adloniant i blant

Street Market Restaurants and takeaways

Getting there Mynd yno • It attracts people from all over North West England even further afield • Most come by car • There are very reliable and frequent buses to the city centre • But an express bus service, taking just 25 minutes, will run from the centre to Trafford (and back) every half hour. • There is Metrolink tram service on the drawing board, but then it has been there for 10 years and they have not yet started it. • Mae’n atyniad i bobl o Ogledd Orllewin Lloegr i gyd a phellach • Mae’r rhan fwyaf yn dod mewn car er bod llawer o fysus dibynadwy ac aml i ganol y ddinas • Mae bws newydd cyflym sy’n cymryd 25 munud yn rhedeg o’r Centre i Trafford ac yn ôl pob hanner awr. • Mae cynllun ar gyfer gwasanaeth Metrolink ond nid ydynt wedi cychwyn ei adeiladu eto

Who goes there? Pwy sy’n mynd yno? • 27 million visitors a year • Over 3, 500 coaches visit annually bringing more than 100, 000 people to the Centre. • 95% come from within an 80 km/50 mile radius • Which geographical phrase would you use to describe that number – the …… of the Trafford Centre is 50 miles • 7000 employees – mainly shop workers • 27 miliwn o ymwelwyr pob blwyddyn • Mae 3, 500 o fysus yn ymweld pob blwyddyn sy’n dod â dros 100, 000 o bobl i’r Centre • Mae 95% yn dod o lai na 80 km i ffwrdd • Mae 7000 yn gweithio yno • Pa air daearyddol sydd ei angen? Mae ………… Trafford centre yn 80 km.

Who goes there? Pwy sy’n mynd yno? • The Centre has a very loyal customer base with 24% of visitors visiting the Centre once a week or more often and 38% of visitors visiting 12 times a month. • Mae cwsmeriaid y Centre yn dod yn ôl yn aml gyda 24% yn ymweld yn wythnosol neu fwy a 38% yn ymweld unwaith neu ddwy y mis. Average spend £ 100 Gwariant cyfartalog £ 100

The visitors are divided up into Rhennir yr ymwelwyr yn ABC 1 and/a C 2 DE

Wilmslow Bypass Ffordd Osgoi Wilmslow Cheadle Royal Handforth Dean The Wilmslow Bypass (A 34) is a major transport artery taking commuter traffic from the commuter belt of North Cheshire into the Manchester conurbation. In the north it is in the (former) county of Greater Manchester, in the south, Cheshire. The developers asked each county whether they would be allowed to build an out-of-town shopping development if they completed the bypass. The outcome was two large shopping developments for the price of one bypass. It is likely that if they had asked for one larger shopping centre to each county they would have been refused planning permission! Priffordd ydy Ffordd Osgoi Wilmslow sy’n mynd â traffig cymudo o Ogledd Swydd Gaer i Ganol Manceinion. Yn y gogledd mae’r lôn yn Swydd Manceinion, yn y de Swydd Gaer. Gofynodd y datblygwyr i bob sir pe byddent yn adeiladu’r lôn a fyddent yn cael caniatad cynllunio i adeiladu datblygiad siopa alldrefol. Am bris un ffordd osgoi cawsant dwy ganolfan siopa fawr. Mae’n debyg pe byddent wedi gofyn am un ganolfan siopa fawr hyddai[‘r cyngor wedi gwrthod caniatad cynllunio.

Tescos and Marks and Spencer at Handforth Dean John Lewis and Sainsburys at Cheadle Royal The Wilmslow Bypass

• • • Study the sketch which shows part of an MEDC town. (i) Give the evidence that suggests this shows the rural-urban fringe. (3) (ii) What term is used to describe the land to the west of the road in the sketch? (1) (iii) Explain why developers might be interested in using this land. (4) Astudiwch y braslun sy’n dangos rhan o dref GMDd. E. (i) Rhowch y dystiolaeth sy’n awgrymu bod y llun yn dangos y ffin trefo-gwledig. (3) (ii) Pa derm y gellir ei ddefnyddio i ddisgrifio’r tir i’r gorllewin o’r ffordd yn y llun? (1) (iii) Esboniwch pam byddai datblygwyr yn dangos diddordeb mewn defnyddio’r tir yma. (3)

• • • (iv) Suggest two types of development which might take place on this land. (2) (v) For one of the developments named in (iv), explain how this might bring them into conflict with local residents and environmentalists. (4) (vi) Explain the challenges facing urban managers in managing change in the rural-urban fringe. (6) (iv) Awgrymwch dau fath o ddatblygiad allai ddigwydd ar y tir hwn. (2) (v) Ar gyfer un datblygiad a enwir yn (iv), esboniwch sut allai hyn achosi gwrthdaro rhwng y datblygwyr a trigolion lleol ac amgylcheddwyr. (4) (vi) Esboniwch y sialensau sy’n wynebu rheolwyr dinas wrth reoli newid ar y ffin trefolwledig. (6)

Trafford Centre

Changing Shopping Patterns: Patrymau siopa newidiol: Investigate! Ymchwiliwch

Task 1: Think of a title! Tasg 1: Meddyliwch am deitl addas! 1960 Independents 60% / Supermarket 20% / Co-ops 20% 1980 Independents 20% / Supermarket 60% / Co-ops 20% 2000 Independents 08% / Supermarket 85% / Co-ops 07% 2009 Independents 05% / Supermarket 90% / Co-ops 05% 1960 Siopau annibynnol 60% / Uwchfarchnad 20% / Co-ops 20% 1980 Siopau annibynnol 20% / Uwchfarchnad 60% / Co-ops 20% 2000 Siopau annibynnol 08% / Uwchfarchnad 85% / Co-ops 07% 2009 Siopau annibynnol 05% / Uwchfarchnad 90% / Co-ops 05% Plot these figures as divided bar graphs – make a key, use neat shading. Accuracy in graph work – pencil at first! Describe what these figures show about the share of people shopping at these types of shops. Quote figures in your answer Plotiwch y ffigyrau hyn fel graffiau bar rhanedig – gwnewch allwedd, defnyddiwch raddliwio. Mae aangen gywirdeb yn eich gwaith graff – pensil ogydd. Disgrifiwch beth mae’r ffigyrau yn dangos am gyfran y bobl sy’n siopa yn y mathau hyn o siopau. Defnyddiwch ffigyrau yn eich ateb

Types of Retailing Investigating six different sorts of shopping environment

Shopping Hierarchy Hierarchaeth siopa Regional Shopping Centre Canolfan siopa rhanbarthol Retail Park /Out-of-town shopping centre Parc manwerthu/Canolfan siopa alldrefol City Centre/Shopping Precinct Canol dref / Cyffin siopa High Street Stryd Fawr Corner Shop Siop gornel

CONVENIENCE STORES • Local shops such as newsagents and small grocery stores. • They sell everyday items (called ‘low order goods). • Their customers are local people from the nearby streets.

For local people… 1960 s Ar gyfer pobl leol … 1960 au Convenience goods Nwyddau cyfleus Low order goods Nwyddau trefn isel “Buy from nearest supplier” “Prynu o’r cyflenwr agosaf” e. g. /e. e. Losing trade Yn colli tir Newspaper Papur newydd Bread Bara Milk Llefrith Potatoes Tatws

Street Market • They sell vegetables and other goods (sometimes clothes) on some days of the week. • They are often targeted at up-market customers e. g. organic farmers’ markets.

CBD Comparison Store • They include book shops, shoe shops and chain stores like Woolworths. • Shops found in the C. B. D. ( Central Business District ) usually sell more expensive high-order goods.

City Centre or Shopping Precinct Canol ddinas neu cyffin siopa Comparison goods High order goods Shop around before buying Nwyddau cymharu Nwyddau gradd uchel Cymharu cyn prynu e. g. / e. e. Car parking issues Problemau parcio Pedestrianisation Pedestreiddio Fighting for Trade / Modernising Cwffio am fusnes / moderneiddio Fashion Ffasiwn Jewellery Gemwaith Furniture Dodrefn

Shopping street Stryd fawr In part of a bigger town family businesses e. g. Small Specialists like Grocer, Greengrocer Last 50 years competition with supermarkets = Dying out! Yn rhan o dref fwy Busnesau bach teuluol cottage on the extreme left …used to be butchers' shop Bwthyn ar y chwith yn arfer bod yn siop cig Losing trade Colli tir e. e. Arbenigwyr fel groser siop ffrwythau Yn ystod y 50 mlynedd diwethaf mae cystadleuaeth efo uwchfarchnadoedd = felly yn marw allan

Out-of-town Superstore • These are very large branches of a retail chain, usually found at the edge of a city in retail parks. • The largest stores are called hypermarkets.

Retail Park • Areas that have been set-aside at or near the edge of towns and cities where out-of -town stores can be grouped together. • Sometimes large structures like Bluewater are created, so many retailers can be housed together.

Retail park / edge of town - 1980 s Parc manwerthu / siopau alldrefol 1980 au Superstores Large area of land Massive car parking Accessibility by road Near a population centre Uwchstorfeydd Arwynebedd mawr Meysydd parcio anferth Agos at lonydd mawr Ger canolfan boblog Gaining trade Yn ennill tir Affecting town centres Yn cael effaith ar canol trefi

Regional Shopping Centre 1990 s Canolfan siopa rhanbarthol 1990 au e. g. Cribbs Causeway (The Mall) at Bristol e. e. Cribbs Causeway, Bryste “Heaven or Hell? ” “Nef neu uffern” Indoor comfort of a two levels centre. 134 top name stores, 15 cafés and restaurants and other facilities all under one roof. The Mall is open 7 days a week. 7000 free parking spaces. Awyrgylch cysurus dan do ar ddau lefel. 134 o siopau adnabyddus, 15 o fwytai a chyfleusterau eraill, i gyd o dan yr un to Mae ar agor 7 diwrnod y wythnos. Mae 7000 o lefydd parcio am ddim.

The doughnut effect is the name given to the increasing movement of retail from the C. B. D. (Central Business District) to the outskirts (rural-urban fringe) of the cities. Obviously, cars have been the factor that have fueled this process, as well as, the attraction of an out-of-town site for retail. Shops in the town centre closing down Mae siopau yng nghanol y dref yn cau C. B. D. Yr effaith ‘doughnut’ ydy’r enw a roddir i symudiad siopau o’r CBD i gyrion (ymyl trefol-gwledig) y dinasoedd. Yn amlwg ceir ydy’r ffactor sy’n gyrru’r broses hon, yn ogystal ag atyniad safleoedd alldrefol ar gyfer siopau mawr. Out of Town Retail Parks opened up Parciau manwerthu alldrefol yn agor

City Centres fight back 2000 s Y CBD yn cwffio yn ôl, 2000 au Cabot Circus, Bristol St. David’s 2 in Cardiff 2009

The ‘Big Four’ Supermarket chains account for 75% of all household spending on groceries in the U. K. ! 2009 Y pedwar cwmni uwchfarchnad yn bachu 75% o wariant teuluoedd ar eitemau groseri yn y DU! 2009 Pocket the difference! Try something new today

Metro Stores • The latest trend in retailing, these new scaled-down inner city supermarkets are often attached to petrol garages, making shopping easy for people at the same time as they re-fuel their cars. • They also provide services for people who live within walking distance of the garage

2000 s With a name like Express, it's not surprising that this is Tesco's fastest growing format, opening at least 50 stores a year! It meets customer demand for longer trading hours and greater convenience. Express stores are usually found at petrol stations and are aimed at local customers who want a convenient place they can trust to 'top up' their shopping. 2000 au, Gydag enw fel ‘Express’ nid yw’n syndod mai hyn yw fformat Tesco sy’n tyfu cyflymaf, o leiaf 50 siop newydd y flwyddyn. Mae cwsmeriaid angen oriau masnachu hirach a mwy o gyfleuster. Fel arfer mae siopau ‘Express’ ger gorsafoedd petrol ar gyfer cwsmeriaid lleol sydd eisiau lle cyfleus i siopa i brynu’r pethau maent wedi’u anghofio mewn llefydd eraill.

Cyber Monday: Retailers expecting record online shopping sales – Dec 2009 Seibr-Ddydd Llun: Manwerthwyr yn disgwyl gwerthiant uwch – Rhag 2009 British shoppers are expected to spend £ 300 m online today, amid predictions that so-called "Cyber Monday" will be the busiest 24 hours in the history of internet shopping. Disgwylir i siopwyr wario £ 300 m ar-lein heddiw, y 24 awr prysuraf yn hanes siopa’r rhyngrwyd. • 2009 7% of all spending 2009 – 7% o holl wariant • Groceries forecast to be fastest online growing sector • £ 20 biillion spend annually? • Online spending up 33% in 2006 • RISKS? • Disgwylir i eitemau groseri fod y sector sy’n tyfu gyflymaf. • £ 20 biliwn o wariant pob blwyddyn • Gwariant ar-lein i fyny 33% yn 2006 PERYGLON?

Task 2: Describe the changes in shopping patterns in NW Wales since 1960 – mention real places. Explain what factors encouraged the growth of supermarkets. (Busier lifestyles, rising incomes, more working women, wider car ownership, wider ownership of fridges and freezers, price v personal service!) Discuss some different viewpoints people have of the issues of ‘shopping patterns’. E. g. a small shopkeeper, an elderly person, a car driving parent, an E. European migrant. Give your own view. Tasg 2: Disgrifiwch y newidiadau mewn patrymau siopa yn Gogledd Orllewin Cymru ers 1960 – cofiwch son am lefydd go iawn. Esboniwch pa ffactorau sy’n annog twf uwchfarchnadoedd. (Ffyrdd o fyw prysurach, incwm uwch, mwy o ferched yn gweithio, mwy o bobl â cheir, mwy o bobl â rhewgelloedd/oergelloedd, pris yn erbyn gwasanaeth personol!) Trafodwch rhai safbwyntiau gwahanol sydd gan bobl ar faterion ‘patrymau siopa’. E. e. Perchennog siop fach, hen berson, rhiant sy’n gyrru car, ymfudwr o Ddwyrain Ewrop Rhowch eich barn eich hun.