The Etymology of Medical English Terminology The Etymology

The Etymology of Medical English Terminology 张晶

The Etymology of Medical Terminologies A Brief Introduction to Medical English l The Sources of Medical Terminologies l Basics of Medical Word Formation l Rules of Medical Word Formation l Amphibious Words l

A Brief Introduction to Medical English l The fundamental medical courses l The clinical medical courses l The features of medical English

Fundamental Medical Courses l Biology l Physiology l Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry, abiochemistry/inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry l Anatomy (Systematic Anatomy and Regional Anatomy) l Microbiology

Fundamental Medical Courses Parasitology l Histoembryology l Pharmacology l Genetics l Pathology(Pathophysiology, Pathoanatomy ) l Medical Psychology l Medical Ethics l

Clinical Medical Courses l l l l Diagnostics General surgery Internal Medicine Obstetrics and gynecology Pediatrics Imageology Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Nursing science

The Features of Medical English Style: objective l Structure: rigorous l Logical Relation: tight l Long Sentences l Special Structures: passive voice, Itsentence structure, non-predicate form, nominalization, etc l A large quantity of specialized words and phrases l

Example (1) Unusual bleeding and the growth of lumps in the womb are the two special signs of cancer of the womb. l (2) Abnormal hemorrhage and tumorous enlargement of the uterus are the two characteristic features of carcinoma of the endometrium. l

The Sources of Medical Terminologies l 1. The words related to medicine in general English l 2. The word from other languages l 3. The new words created according to need

The words related to medicine in general English hand, foot, arm, ear, eye, bone, heart l fever, stroke, short-sight, swelling, windpipe l whooping-cough l pink eye epidemic conjunctivitis l athlete’s foot tinea pedis l

Foreign Words l Some examples in general English dinner, servant, judge, custom — French wine cheese, silk — Latin theory, drama, logic, theatre, museum — Greek

Foreign Words — From Greek (1) thorax, colon, derma, stenosis, larynx — simple, fixed and exact (2) Achilles, Iris

Foreign Words — From Latin l l cerebrum, pelvis, plexus, nausea, cornea, vertebra rabies, abdomen, cancer (1) Inflammation, inspection (-tio) (2) catarrh, fluid (-us) (3)ligament, pigment, medicament (-mentum) (4) immunity, heredity, obesity (-itas) (5) medicine (medicina), intestine (intestinum) pertussis Julius Caesar — Caesarean Section Mercury, venereal (Venus),

Foreign Words — From other languages l bruit, massage, malaise — French l influenza, malaria, quarantine — Italian l mosquito, quinine — Spanish

New Words antibiotic, electrocardiogram, AIDS, SARS l Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Bright’s disease Shigella, Salmonella fallopian (tube), Bowman’s gland l tularemia (rabbit fever) l

Basics of Medical Word Formation l l 4 basic elements: 一词三式 人体部位词汇 体 头 heart 手 手指 血管 静脉 鼻子 胸 腹 prefix, root, combining form, suffix 英语 body head cordihand finger vessel vein nose chest belly 拉丁词根 corporocapitocardiomano-/manudigitovasovenonasopectoobdomino- 希腊词根 somato- -some cephalo-心 cheirodactyloangiophleborhinothoracoventro-

Basics of Medical Word Formation infra-red lymphaden oncology l ↓ ↓ ↓↓ ↓ Latin English Latin Greek English prefix root suffix l l l angiochondroma neuropsychopathy electroencephalogram cystoureteropyelonephritis hepaticocholangiocholecystenterostomy

Rules Of Medical Word Formation Arrangement of the morphemes (1) lymphadenitis→ lymph＋aden＋itis 1 2 3 淋巴 腺 炎症 mastectomy → mast＋ectomy 4 5 乳房 切除术 lipoma → lip＋oma 6 7 脂肪 肿瘤 l

Rules Of Medical Word Formation l l lymphadenectomy mastadenitis mastitis adenoma lipectomy lymphadenoma mastadenoma adenlipoma lymphoma adenitis adencetomy

Rules Of Medical Word Formation (2) phagocyte — cytophagy blastocyte — cytoblast podagra — agropod(meaningless) Two situations of the combination of the morphemes: parallel connection and restrictive connection

Rules Of Medical Word Formation l ①nasopharyngeal pharyngonasal ↓ nose l ②dentosurgical ↓ tooth l ↓ throat ↓ surgery ③dyschondroplasia ↓ bad ↓ ↓ cartilage development, formation chondrodysplasia

Rules Of Medical Word Formation Arrangement of the combining forms: 1. Types of combining forms Greek source (1) -o- cardi + o → cardioo + logy → ology (2) -a- par + a → para(3) -y- brad + y → bradypol + y → poly. Latin source -i- mult + i→ multi- i + cide → -icide ov + i → ovil

Rules Of Medical Word Formation 2. arrangement of the combining forms (1) gastr/o + pathy → gastropathy par/a + thyroid → parathyroid (2) gastr/o + algia → gastralgia gastr/o + itis → gastritis par/a + enteral → parenteral (3) gastr/o + intestinal → gastrointestinal nephr/o + abdominal → nephroabdominal (4) gastr/o + rhagia → gastrorrhagia splen/o + rhaphy → splenorrhaphy a + rhythm + ia → arrhythmia

Rules Of Medical Word Formation The Plural forms of some medical words singular form foreign pleural form the way of changing vertebra scapula vertebrae scapulae -a → -ae diagnosis diaphysis diagnoses diaphyses -is → -es bacterium ovum bacteria ova -um → -a appendix matrix appendices matrices -ix → ices protozoon phenomenon protozoa phenomena -on → -a bacillus fundus bacilli fundi -us → -i edema sarcoma edemata sarcomata -ma → -mata phalanx larynx phalanges larynges -x → -ges species 单复数同形 l

Rules Of Medical Word Formation The Plural forms of some medical words l A medical term often has both the regular plural form and the foreign pleural form. The latter is generally used in formal style, while the regular one is frequently used in daily medical English, especially in spoken English. Some words may have only the foreign pleural form, for example, bacillus → bacilli, ovum → ova, some may have only the regular form, for example, virus → viruses, antibody → antibodies, electron→ electrons. Many have both forms, for example, vertebra → vertebras, vertebrae, matrix → matrixes, matrices

Amphibious Words