The Cell Eukaryotic Structure and Function Eukaryotic true

The Cell Eukaryotic Structure and Function

Eukaryotic (“true nucleus”) cells contain organelles

Organelles: • Are membrane bound • Are sub-cellular structures • Perform a specific function for the cell

A generalized eukaryotic cell diagram

Types of Eukaryotic Cells • • Animal Cells Plant Cells Fungi Cells Protist Cells W e’l n o s u l f oc an s t n pla d ls a m i an • Both types have many of the same internal parts but there also a few parts unique to either just plants or just animals. • Lets start with the parts common to both types…

Major Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell: • Cell Membrane: – Surrounds the cell – Controls movement into and out of cell – Made of PHOSPHOLIPIDS with imbedded proteins

Cytoplasm: • Remainder of the contents of the cell consisting of: – Cytosol: liquid environment – Cytoskeleton: network of protein fibers that supports the shape of the cell and anchors its organelles and serves as a “track” for them to move on.

Nucleus: – Controls the functions of the cell – Includes the following: • Nuclear Envelope: Controls movement into and out of the nucleus • Nuclear Pore: holes where movement takes place

Nucleus • Nucleolus – site of ribosome synthesis • Chromatin – DNA and associated proteins (some serve as enzymes, some are support). Condenses into chromosomes before cell division.

l Nucleus – can you name each part? ? ? ? ? ?

Ribosomes • Site of protein synthesis. • Are free or attached to ER. • Made of protein and RNA. •

Mitochondria • Transfer the energy in glucose to ATP (the cells usable form of energy) • Each has compartments formed by an inner folded membrane (cristae) surrounded by a smooth outer membrane

Endomembrane organelles • Organelles that work together to modify, process and ship molecules around and out of the cell • ER Golgi Vesicles

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): • Set of channels that aids in movement of molecules inside the cell.

Rough ER • Stacked, flattened sacs with many ribosomes attached. • Forms a link between the nuclear envelope and the ribosomes.

Smooth ER • No ribosomes • Area from which vesicles carrying proteins and lipids are budded.

Golgi apparatus • Stacks of membranous sacs that modify, sort and ship proteins (such as enzymes and hormones).

Golgi apparatus • Material received from the rough ER are processed and packaged in vesicles which will either stay in the cell or will be secreted to the outside of the cell.

Golgi apparatus • Cells that secrete hormones (i. e. pancreas) have extensive Golgi development

See animations 13. 2 and 13. 3 Vesicles • Transport material between organelles and to and from the cell membrane

Plant Cell

Specialized plant cell structures: Chloroplasts – Oval or disc shaped, bound by a double membrane – On the thylakoid membrane, pigments and enzymes trap sunlight energy to form ATP – Glucose is formed in the fluid substance surrounding the stacks (stroma)

Specialized plant cell structures: Cell wall • A stiff layer of cellulose outside the plasma membrane that provides support to the cell • Microscopic pores allow water and solute passage to and from the underlying plasma membrane

Specialized plant cell structures: Vacuole • Stores amino acids, sugars, ions, water and waste. • Can occupy up to 90% of the cells interior

Specialized plant cell structures: Plastids • Function in food production and storage

Animal Cell

Animal Cell Structures: Lysosomes • Carry powerful enzymes that digest worn out cell parts or foreign particles.

Animal Cell Structures: Centrioles: • Cylindrical organelles formed by hollow protein fibres called microtubules (part of the cytoskeleton) which aid in moving chromosomes during cell division.