LTE Long Term Evulation Evolution of Radio Access

LTE (Long Term Evulation)

Evolution of Radio Access Technologies 802. 16 m 802. 16 d/e 2

WIRELESS ACCESS EVOLUTION Subscribers § New Services § Efficiency § Voice Quality § Portability § Capacity § Data Service § Coverage § Mobility Voice Broadband § More Data Services required § Broadband § Network Simplification § Cost of Ownership

What is 3 GPP? n n 3 GPP stands for 3 rd Generation Partnership Project It is a partnership of 6 regional SDOs (Standards Development Organizations) Japan USA n These SDOs take 3 GPP specifications and transpose them to regional standards

Two Key technologies are evolving to meet the Wireless Broadband Requirements MOBILE BROADBAND Metro Area Nomadic GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS HSPA LTE 3 GPP 802. 16 e (Mobile WIMAX) Mobile Industry 802. 16 a/d (Fixed NLOS) Fixed Wireless Industry Local Area Fixed Coverage/Mobility Wide Area Mobile 4 G Air Interfaces Dial Up DSL Experience Fibre Experience Data Rates (kbps) Higher Data Rate / Lower Cost per Bit 802. 16 (Fixed LOS) 802. 11 n (smart antennas) 802. 11 Mesh extns. 802. 11 b/a/g 100, 000 + 5

COMPARISON WITH SPEED 40 -100 Mbps Fiber like speed on mobile + True high-speed mobile data + Full-motion HD video anywhere + Stream any content + Mobile peer 2 peer & Web 2. 0 EDGE ADSL (Networking) EVDO-A HSDPA ADSL-2+ + Triple play LTE Fiber Mbps

COMPARISN COST + Spectral efficiency Better utilization of spectrum available + Low frequency, Advanced Receivers and Smart Antenna For improved coverage and reduced cost of ownership + Increased Capacity Much higher user and sector throughput for lower individual cost service delivery $ UMTS rel. 99 voice call cost 10% LTE Vo. IP cost* Predicted LTE Vo. IP voice call cost* - Sound Partners Limited Research + Simpler RAN, IP Core & Centralized service delivery Fewer nodes & interfaces (Node. B/RNC/Gateway) One Network & IMS for all access technologies + Connect to legacy cores Existing network asset investment protection + 3 GPP/2 Market traction 3 GPP subscribers 85% market share Economy of scale

RESPONSE TIME 10 -5 msec latency Highly Responsive Multimedia + Improved user experience + Fast Vo. IP call set-up + Instantaneous web pages + Streaming fast buffering EDGE ADSL EVDO-A HSDPA ADSL-2+ LTE Fiber + Online mobile gaming

What is EPC, e. UTRAN and EPS CS networks Core Network 2 G Circuit Core 3 G User mgmt e. UTRAN IMS domain EPC Non-3 GPP EPC = Evolved Packet Core (SAE) e. UTRAN = Evolved UTRAN ( LTE RAN ) EPS = Evolved Packet System incl EPC, e. UTRAN and terminals (LTE/SAE terminology only used within 3 GPP standardization workgroups) ”IP networks”

LTE Offer’s n Performance and capacity DL 100 Mbps AND UL 50 Mbps n Simplicity Flexible Bandwidths (5 Mhz-20 Mhz), FDD and TDD plug-and-play Devices self-configuration Devices self-optimization Devices

LTE ACCESS n LTE radio access q q Downlink: OFDM Uplink: SC-FDMA OFDMA SC-FDMA n Advanced antenna solutions q q q n Diversity Beam-forming Multi-layer transmission (MIMO) TX TX Spectrum flexibility q q q Flexible bandwidth New and existing bands Duplex flexibility: FDD and TDD 1. 4 MHz 20 MHz

FREQUENCY BEND

LTE – Long Term Evolution Channels

LTE (Long Term Evolution) n Radio Side (LTE – Long Term Evolution) q q q n Improvements in spectral efficiency, user throughput, latency Simplification of the radio network Efficient support of packet based services Network Side (SAE – System Architecture Evolution) q q Improvement in latency, capacity, throughput Simplification of the core network Optimization for IP traffic and services Simplified support and handover to non-3 GPP access technologies

LTE ARCHITECTURE Evolved Packet Core MME/UPE = Mobility Management Entity/User Plane Entity e. NB = e. Node. B

EVOLVED PACKET CORE NETWORK P-GW/S-GW E P Interfaces MME MME S 11 C S 1 -Cp X 2 Gi E U T R A N LTE NODE B LTE NODE B Air Interface

LTE/SAE Architecture 3 G NETWORK IP networks Only PS Domain shown Gi HLR/HSS Gr Gn Gn GGSN SGSN Gb Iu BSC RNC BTS Node B 2 G 3 G Iur

LTE/SAE Architecture HSPA (HIGH SPEED PACKET DATA ACCESS) IP networks Only PS Domain shown Gi HLR/HSS PCRF Gr Gx Gn GGSN SGSN Gb Iu CP Iu UP BSC RNC BTS Node B 2 G Optimizing the 3 G/HSPA payload plane for Broadband traffic Iur 3 G Release 7 ”Direct Tunnel”

LTE/EPC Network Architecture GGSN => Packet Gateway SGSN => Mobility server IP networks GGSN/ P/S-GW SGSN/ MME EPC BSC RNC GSM, WCDMA MME = Mobility Management Entity P/S-GW = PDN/Serving gateway LTE

LTE/SAE Architecture LTE/SAE Only PS Domain shown The PDN and Serving GW may be separate nodes in some scenarios (S 5 in-between) HLR/HSS IP networks SGi PCRF Gr S 6 a S 7 S 4 SGSN S 3 MME S 11 PDN GW Serving GW S 2 a/b S 10 Gb Iu CP Iu UP S 1 -MME BSC RNC S 1 -U Iur e. Node. B BTS 2 G X 2 Node B 3 G LTE Non-3 GPP access A flat architecture for optimized performance and cost efficiency

KEY NODES OF LTE SGi SGSN n MME Functionality S 3 MME S 4 S 11 SAE GW S 10 S 1 -MME Responsibilities is to keep track of terminals in idle Mobility handling Authentication Roaming S 1 -U e. Node. B SGSN can be software upgraded to a MME and after that function as a combined SGSN and MME X 2

SAE GW Functionality SGi SGSN n S 3 PDN SAE GW (ANCHOR) MME S 4 S 11 SAE GW S 10 S 1 -MME q n q q q n e. Node. B Anchor for mobility non 3 GPP Network (Wimax and other Network) Serving SAE GW: q S 1 -U Routing Anchor inter 3 -GPP mobility (GSM/3 G/4 G Netowork) Security Lawful Intercept P/S-GW node, which also can be a software upgrade of a current GGSN node. X 2

SAE CN Architecture LTE/SAE Architecture Main SAE interfaces (non-roaming case) n n n n n *) S 1 -MME: IP networks control plane protocol between OSS-RC e. Node. B and MME (SGi) S 1 -U: user plane tunneling interface SGi between e. Node. B and Serving GW SAE GW S 5: S 5/S 8 (in some use cases only) user plane tunneling interface S 4 between Serving GW and PDN GW SAE GW S 11 S 3 S 8: SGSN MME user plane tunneling interface between Serving GW and PDN GW S 10 for roaming S 10: S 1 -U S 1 -MME control plane interface between MME and MME S 11: control plane interface between MME X 2 e. Node. B and Serving GW. S 4: *) user plane tunneling interface between SGSN and PDN GW S 3: *) control plane interface between MME Note: Interfaces non-3 GPP accesses not covered. and SGSN.

CALLING PATH FROM 2 G TO 3 G NETWORKS

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 25

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 26

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 27

BSC Base Station Controller n n The call request reaches the BSC from the BTS and is forwarded to SGSN. After call is established, the BSC will perform decoding of the call (in typical config. ) 28

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 29

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 30

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node n n SGSN used for packet routing. It also working as MSC/VLR The SGSN used in 2 G/3 G networks is converted to a Mobile Management Entity, MME. SGSN says I don’t know the location of subscriber B so that’s why I am sending the request to HLR for finding the location. 31

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 32

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 33

HSS/HLR Home Subscription Server / Home Location Register • The HSS/HLR stores all the user data. • It registers the location of the user in the visited network. • HLR/HSS says ’I am the home of the B subscriber and I know where he/she is right now • It tells to the SGSN back. 34

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 35

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 36

SGSN Serving gateway Support Node • It says OK I collected the information about subscriber and store it temporarily. • I am sending to the information to P-GW & S-GW by MME 37

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 38

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 39

MME Mobility Management Entity MME Functionality Responsibilities is to keep track of terminals in idle Mobility handling Authentication Roaming 40

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 41

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 42

P-GW/ S-GW Packet Data Network Gateway/ Serving P-GW It uses for switching and mobility management between subscriber. Serving SAE GW: Routing Anchor inter 3 -GPP mobility (GSM/3 G/4 G Network) Security Lawful Intercept It is the IP point of attachment for the user. The P-GW allocates the IP address to the user A, that enables it to communicate with other IP hosts in the external networks, or the internet. 43

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 44

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 45

PCRF Policy & Charging Resource Function • The PCRF is the network element that is responsible for Policy and Charging Control. • it performs decisions on how to handle the service in terms of Qo. S (Quality of Service). 46

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 47

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF B Non 3 GPP 48

P-GW/ S-GW • It takes information from PRCF • PRCF provides information to the PCEF (Policy and Charging Enforcement Function) located in the P-GW, after verify the charging functionality. • If necessary to BBERF (Binding and Event Reporting Function) located in the SGW, to set up the appropriate bearers and policy. 49

BSC BTS A 2 G Subscriber Node B A 3 G Subscriber RNC e. Node. B A LTE Subscriber SGSN MME S-GW HLR/HSS P-GW IP Network, Internet /Services B 3 GPP PCRF BSC B Non 3 GPP 50

Mobile broadband speed evolution LTE Evolution LTE HSPA Evolution HSPA 3 G- R’ 99 Peak rate 384 kbps 2002 3. 6 Mbps 2005 7/14 Mbps 2007 21/28/42 Mbps ~150 Mbps Target 1 Gbps 2008/2009 2013

LTE All-IP RAN OVERVIEW RBS site Mobile backhaul Switching site All-IP, 3. . 4 Co. S classes 2 G Microwave BSC IP/MPLS Copper (metro ethernet) 3 G RNC Fibre SGW LTE Metro, HRAN Access, LRAN e. Node. B LRAN HRAN SGw • Peak rates: 150. . 300 Mpbs • L 2 or L 3 possible • L 3, IP/MPLS • Fibre/microwave to site • Router somewhere in the LRAN/HRAN network • Redundancy • Located at Switching Site • E-LAN or E-Line • Security GW, if IPsec used No Revolution - Just Evolution of Existing Infrastructure

LTE/SAE Architecture Product dimension PA/DU Core & IMS IP networks SGi HLR/HSS ”HLR/HSS” Gr PCRF S 6 a S 4 SGSN MME S 3 S 11 ”Mobility Server”S 10 Gb Iu CP PDN GW Serving GW BTS 2 G S 2 a/b ”Gateway” Iu UP S 1 -MME BSC S 7 EPC RNC Iur S 1 -U RBS e. Node. BB e. Node PA/DU Radio X 2 Node B 3 G LTE OSS Non-3 GPP access

THANKS

LTE SECRETS n n 2 main issues have been investigated: q The physical layer q The access network internal architecture Physical layer q Downlink based on OFDMA n q Uplink based on SC-FDMA n n q SC-FDMA is technically similar to OFDMA but is better suited for uplink from hand-held devices (battery power considerations) For both FDD and TDD modes (User Equipment to support both) n n OFDMA offers improved spectral efficiency, capacity etc With Similar framing + an option for TD SCDMA framing also Access Network consideration q For the access network it was agreed to get rid of the RNC which minimized the number of nodes

LTE RELEASE Ø Release 99 (2000): UMTS/WCDMA Ø Release 5 (2002) : HSDPA Ø Ø Ø Release 6 (2005) : HSUPA, MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services) Release 7 (2007) : DL MIMO, IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), optimized real-time services (Vo. IP, gaming, push-to-talk). Release 8(2009) : LTE (Long Term Evolution)

IP Networks. General concepts n OSI model (1978) q Based on 7 layers

OSI and SS 7 Model OSI SS 7

Layers Description Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) n Performs IP header compression n Reduces the number of bits to transmit over the radio n Interfaced n Based on Robust Header Compression (ROHC) Radio Link Control (RLC) n Responsible for n Segmentation/concatenation n Retransmission handling n In-sequence delivery to higher layers n Located in the e. Node. B since no higher layers exists in LTE n In WCDMA this was handled higher in hierarchy Medium Access Control (MAC) n Responsible for n Uplink/downlink scheduling n Hybrid-ARQ retransmissions n Choice of modulation n Resource assignment Physical Layer (PHY) n Responsible for n Coding/decoding n Modulation/demodulation n Resource mapping