HISTORY OF THE U S SUPREME COURT 1

HISTORY OF THE U. S. SUPREME COURT 1

THE U. S. CONSTITUTION • Article III – The Judiciary – Section 1 - Establishes the Supreme Court – Section 2 - Defines the Court’s Powers – Section 3 – Defines treason • Article II – The Executive – Section 2 – Nomination of judges • Qualification of the Justices 2

THE COURT • Selection and Appointments • Historical Composition of the Court • The Court Term • Drafting and Releasing Opinions • The Chief Justice’s Role 3

THE JAY COURT 1789 - 1795 • Selecting the First Court • Few Willing to Serve on the Court – No Cases to Hear – Riding Circuit 5

JAY COURT CASES • Chisholm v. Georgia – Background – Decision – Reaction – 11 th Amendment • Glass v. Sloop Betsey 6

THE RUTLEDGE COURT 1795 • The Jay Treaty • Jay Leaves the Court • The Court’s First Recess Appointment • Rutledge Makes a Very Unwise Remark • The Senate Refuses to Confirm 8

THE ELLSWORTH COURT 1796 - 1800 • Ware v. Hylton • A New Home • Alien & Sedition Acts of 1798 – Naturalization Act – Alien Friends Act – Alien Enemies Act – Sedition Act 10

ELECTION OF 1800 • The Federalist Are Routed – “Mad Tom” Jefferson Elected President – His Republican Followers Would Control Congress • The Federalists Hope that Judges Could Save the Constitution From These Radicals • Chief Justice Ellsworth is Ailing and Resigns • John Jay is Asked to Serve Again – He Refuses • President Adams Nominates His Secretary of State, John Marshall, to the Supreme Court 11

THE MARSHALL COURT 1801 – 1835 "My gift of John Marshall to the people of the United States may be the proudest act of my life" John Adams ~ President • John Marshall • Marbury v. Madison – Marshall’s Decision • Impeachment of Justice Samuel Chase 13

The Next 15 Years • Mc. Culloch v. Maryland • States’ Rights and Slavery – Compromise of 1820 • Cohens v. Virginia • Gibbons v. Ogden 14

Missouri Compromise - 1820 15

The Next 15 Years • Mc. Culloch v. Maryland • States’ Rights and Slavery – Compromise of 1820 • Cohens v. Virginia • Gibbons v. Ogden 16

Marshall’s Final Years • Worchester v. Georgia • The Antelope • Marshall’s Passing 17

THE TANEY COURT 1836 - 1864 • Roger Taney • Prigg v. Pennsylvania • Dred Scott 19

Dred Scott’s Travels 20

SCOTT V. SANFORD • Before Taney, the doctrine was: – Once Free, Always Free • Strader v. Graham – Once a Slave, Always a Slave • Who Was Dred Scott? • Who Was Sanford? • The Kansas-Nebraska Act 21

SCOTT V. SANFORD • The Decision • The Final Outcome • March 4, 1861 • Succession Divides the Court 22

THE END OF TANEY’S TERM • Ex parte Merryman • The Prize Cases • Taney Dies 23

THE CHASE COURT 1864 – 1873 • Salmon P. Chase • Ex Parte Milligan • The Post-Civil War Amendments • Musical Chairs • President Andrew Johnson’s Impeachment • Judicial Act of 1869 • Chase Dies 25

THE WAITE COURT 1874 - 1888 • Morrison R. Waite • Slaughterhouse Case • Cruickshank v. United States • Yick Wo v. Hopkins • Civil Rights Act of 1875 • Waite Dies 27

THE FULLER COURT 1888 -1910 • Melville W. Fuller • The Judicial Handshake • Plessy v. Ferguson • Lochner v. New York • Muller v. Oregon • The Brandeis Brief 29

THE WHITE COURT 1910 -1921 • Edward Douglas White • Grandfather Clauses • The First Jew – Louis D. Brandeis • Brandeis and James Mc. Reynolds • Child Labor Laws 31

WORLD WAR I • The Espionage Act - 1917 • The Sedition Act – 1918 • Schenck v. United States 32

THE TAFT COURT 1921 -1930 • William Howard Taft • Child Labor Laws Revisited • Gitlow v. New York • Moore v. Dempsey • Adkins v. Children’ Hospital • 1930 - Taft Retires 34

THE HUGHES COURT 1930 -1941 • Charles Evan Hughes • “The Four Horsemen of Reaction” • “The Three Musketeers” • “The Roving Justices” • The New Deal Legislation – The National Industrial Recovery Administration (NRA) – The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) 36

New Deal Cases • Nebbia v. New York • Schechter Poultry Co. v. United States • And Many Others……. • Packing the Court • The Court Changes Directions – West Coast Hotel v. Parrish 37

Civil Rights Cases • Near v. Minnesota • Norris v. Alabama (The Scottsboro Boys) • Minersville District v. Gobitis • Charles Evans Hughes Retires 38

THE STONE COURT 1941 -1946 • Harlan Fiske Stone • West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette • Japanese Internment – Hirabayashi v. United States – Korematsu v. United States – Ex Parte Endo • Ex parte Quirin • Cramer v. United States • Harlan Fiske Stone Dies 40

THE VINSON COURT 1946 -1953 • Fred Moore Vinson • The Quirin Case Lives On – Hans Max Haupt v. United States • The Beginnings of Brown v. Board of Education – Olive Brown of Topeka, Kansas – Harry Briggs of Clarendon County, SC – Two Similar Cases from Virginia and Delaware – Reargument Ordered • Vinson Dies 42

THE WARREN COURT 1953 -1969 • Earl Warren • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS • Unanimous Decision • 21 States + DC Affected • No Date for Changes Set; States Given Chance To Be Heard On Appropriate Remedies • Warren Declares: Desegregation would now proceed “with all deliberate speed. ” 44

WARREN COURT - Continued • Mapp v. Ohio • Gideon v. Wainwright • Baker v. Carr • Engle v. Vitale • Murray v. Curlett • Abington School District v. Schempp • Warren Retires to Head Commission into JFK’s Assassination 45

THE BURGER COURT 1969 -1986 • Warren E. Burger • Freedom of Religion • Freedom of the Press • Exclusionary Rule • United States v. Richard M. Nixon 47

THE BURGER COURT - Continued • Gender Cases • Affirmative Action • Abortion • Death Penalty • Burger Retires 48

THE REHNQUIST COURT 1986 -2005 • William H. Rehnquist • County of Allegheny v. ACLU • Weisman v. Lee • United States v. Lopez • Bush v. Gore • Lawrence v. Texas • Newdow v. Elk Grove School Disctict 50

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THE CURRENT CHIEF JUSTICE CHATS WITH HIS EVENTUAL SUCCESSOR