FVCC Fire Rescue Nozzles and Fire Streams 2

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FVCC Fire Rescue Nozzles and Fire Streams

FVCC Fire Rescue Nozzles and Fire Streams

 2 -13. 1 Identify a fire stream. (3 -3. 7) 2 -13. 2

2 -13. 1 Identify a fire stream. (3 -3. 7) 2 -13. 2 Identify the purposes of a fire stream. (3 -3. 7) 2 -13. 3 Identify the advantages of using water as an extinguishing agent. 2 -13. 4 Identify the disadvantages of using water as an extinguishing agent. OBJECTIVES

 2 -13. 5 Identify three major types of fire stream patterns. (3 -3.

2 -13. 5 Identify three major types of fire stream patterns. (3 -3. 6, 3 -3. 9) 2 -13. 6 Identify three sizes of fire streams (3 -3. 6, 3 -3. 9) 2 -13. 7 Identify the design of the three major types of fire stream nozzles and tips (3 -3. 6, 3 -3. 9) OBJECTIVES

 2 -13. 8 Identify the required nozzle pressure of fire streams. (3 -3.

2 -13. 8 Identify the required nozzle pressure of fire streams. (3 -3. 6, 3 -3. 9) 2 -13. 9 Identify the major parts of a fog nozzle (3 -3. 7) 2 -13. 10 Identify the water flow through various types of fog nozzles. (4 -3. 1) 2 -13. 11 Identify the operations of fire stream nozzles. (3 -3. 6, 3 -3. 9) OBJECTIVES

 2 -13. 12 Identify the nozzle pressure effects and the flow capabilities of

2 -13. 12 Identify the nozzle pressure effects and the flow capabilities of fire stream nozzles. (3 -3. 9) 2 -13. 13 Identify nozzle reaction (3 -3. 6, 33. 9) 2 -13. 14 Identify water hammer and one method of its prevention. (3 -3. 9) OBJECTIVES

 2 -13. 15 Identify three observable results that are obtained when the proper

2 -13. 15 Identify three observable results that are obtained when the proper application of a fire stream is accomplished (3 -3. 9) 2 -13. 16 Identify the safe procedures in the handling of fire hose and associated equipment. (3 -3. 9) OBJECTIVES

 2 -13. 17 Identify methods of preventing damage to a nozzle and associated

2 -13. 17 Identify methods of preventing damage to a nozzle and associated equipment. (3 -3. 9) 2 -13. 18 Identify the types of ground cover fires. (3 -3. 8) 2 -13. 19 Identify the procedures for extinguishing ground cover fires. (3 -3. 8) OBJECTIVES

 2 -13. 20 Identify the procedures for extinguishing ground cover fires (3 -3.

2 -13. 20 Identify the procedures for extinguishing ground cover fires (3 -3. 8) 2 -13. 21 Identify the equipment necessary for foam application. (3 -3. 15) 2 -13. 22 Identify the following methods of water application. (3 -3. 7) ◦ 2 -13. 22. 1 ◦ 2 -13. 22. 2 ◦ 2 -13. 22. 3 Direct Indirect Combination OBJECTIVES

 2 -13. 23 Identify the use of nozzles carried on a pumper as

2 -13. 23 Identify the use of nozzles carried on a pumper as required by Section 3 -8 of NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 1996 ed, (3 -3. 9) ◦ 2 -13. 23. 1 Open and close a fog nozzle. ◦ 2 -13. 2 Adjust the stream pattern on a fog nozzle ◦ 2 -13. 23. 3 Adjust the flow setting on an adjustable gallonage fog nozzle ◦ 2 -13. 23. 4 Open and close a solid stream nozzle. OBJECTIVES

 2 -13. 24 Identify the use of adapters carried on a pumper as

2 -13. 24 Identify the use of adapters carried on a pumper as required by Section 3 -8 of NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus. 2 -13. 25 Identify the procedures for inspecting nozzles for damage. (3 -3. 6, 33. 9) OBJECTIVES

 2 -13. 26 Identify the procedures for cleaning and maintaining nozzles. (3 -3.

2 -13. 26 Identify the procedures for cleaning and maintaining nozzles. (3 -3. 6, 3 -3. 9) 2 -13. 27 Identify the procedures for extinguishing or controlling the following live fires working as a member of a team and using appropriate protective equipment, firefighting tools, and extinguishing agents: ◦ 2 -13. 27. 1 Piles/stacks of Class A combustible materials (exterior) OBJECTIVES

◦ 2 -13. 27. 2 Open pans for combustible liquids (exterior) ◦ 2 -13.

◦ 2 -13. 27. 2 Open pans for combustible liquids (exterior) ◦ 2 -13. 27. 3 Vehicle fires ◦ 2 -13. 27. 4 Storage containers (exterior dumpster/trash bin) ◦ 2 -13. 27. 5 Class A combustible materials within a structure (interior attack) ◦ 2 -13. 27. 6 A hidden fire within a structure ◦ 2 -13. 27. 7 Ground cover fire OBJECTIVES

 2 -13. 28 Identify assembling the components of a foam fire stream. (33.

2 -13. 28 Identify assembling the components of a foam fire stream. (33. 15) 2 -13. 29 Identify the application technique of Class B foam. (3 -3. 15) 2 -13. 30 Demonstrate the following methods of water application: (3 -3. 7(b), 3 -3. 9(b)) OBJECTIVES

 2 -13. 30. 1 2 -13. 30. 2 2 -13. 30. 3 Direct

2 -13. 30. 1 2 -13. 30. 2 2 -13. 30. 3 Direct Indirect Combination 2 -13. 31. 1 2 -13. 31. 2 nozzle 2 -13. 31. 3 gallonage fog 2 -13. 31. 4 Open and close a fog nozzle. Adjust the stream pattern on a fog ◦ Demonstrate the use of nozzles carried on a pumper as required by Section 3 -8 of NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 1996 ed. (3 -3. 9(b)) Adjust the flow setting on an adjustable nozzle. Open and close a solid stream nozzle OBJECTIVES

 2 -13. 32 Demonstrate the use of adapters carried on a pumper as

2 -13. 32 Demonstrate the use of adapters carried on a pumper as required by Section 3 -8 of NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus. 2 -13. 33 Demonstrate the procedures for inspecting nozzles for damage (3 -3. 6(b), 3 -3. 9(b)) OBJECTIVES

 2 -13. 34 Demonstrate the procedures for cleaning and maintaining nozzles. (33. 6(b),

2 -13. 34 Demonstrate the procedures for cleaning and maintaining nozzles. (33. 6(b), 3 -3. 9(b)) 2 -13. 35 Demonstrate extinguishing or controlling the following live fires working as a member of a team and using appropriate protective equipment, firefighting tools, and extinguishing agents: ◦ 2 -13. 35. 1 Piles/stacks of Class A combustible materials (exterior) OBJECTIVES

◦ 2 -13. 35. 2 Open pans for combustible liquids (exterior) ◦ 2 -13.

◦ 2 -13. 35. 2 Open pans for combustible liquids (exterior) ◦ 2 -13. 35. 3 Vehicle fires ◦ 2 -13. 35. 4 Storage containers (exterior dumpster/trash bin) ◦ 2 -13. 35. 5 Class A combustible materials within a structure (interior attack) OBJECTIVES

◦ 2 -13. 35. 6 ◦ 2 -13. 35. 7 A hidden fire within

◦ 2 -13. 35. 6 ◦ 2 -13. 35. 7 A hidden fire within a structure Ground cover fire Demonstrate assembling the components of a foam fire stream (3 -3. 15) Demonstrate application technique of Class B foam (3 -3. 15) IFSTA, Essentials, 4 th ed, Chapters 12 -13 Delmar, Firefighter’s Handbook, copyright 2000, Chapters 10 -11 OBJECTIVES

 A stream of water or other extinguishing agent, after it leaves the fire

A stream of water or other extinguishing agent, after it leaves the fire hose and nozzle until it reaches the desired point. IDENTIFY A FIRE STREAM

 Applying water or foam directly to burning material to reduce its temperature. Applying

Applying water or foam directly to burning material to reduce its temperature. Applying water or foam over an open fire to reduce the temperature so firefighters can advance hand lines closer to effect extinguishment. Reducing high atmospheric temperature. PURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAM

 Dispersing hot smoke and fire gases from a heated area by using a

Dispersing hot smoke and fire gases from a heated area by using a fire stream. Creating a water curtain to protect firefighters and property from heat. Creating a barrier between a fuel and a fire by covering with a foam blanket. PURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAM

TS 13– 2 a Is readily available Is inexpensive Has great heat-absorbing capacity Absorbs

TS 13– 2 a Is readily available Is inexpensive Has great heat-absorbing capacity Absorbs a large amount of heat when converting to steam The greater its surface area, the greater the heat absorption ◦ Chipped ice vs. single ice cube ◦ Fog stream vs. solid stream ◦ Steam vs. liquid EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF WATER

TS 13– 2 b EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF WATER (cont. ) Is unique in that

TS 13– 2 b EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF WATER (cont. ) Is unique in that it expands both upon freezing and upon changing into its vapor state ◦ Water in pipes subject to freezing may rupture Undrained automatic sprinkler piping in unheated buildings Wet barrel hydrants Shallowly buried underground pipes ◦ Its 1700: 1 expansion ratio during vaporization allows it to absorb more heat

PHYSICAL STATES OF WATER Solid Ice 32°F (0°C) Liquid Water 32°F to 212°F (0°C

PHYSICAL STATES OF WATER Solid Ice 32°F (0°C) Liquid Water 32°F to 212°F (0°C to 100°C) Increasing Temperature Gas Invisible Water Vapor Above 212°F (100°C) VS 13 -2

VS 13 -3 WATER AS STEAM • At 212ºF (100ºC) water expands to approximately

VS 13 -3 WATER AS STEAM • At 212ºF (100ºC) water expands to approximately 1, 700 times its original volume. • Steam absorbs more heat faster, cooling fuel below ignition temperature. • Steam displaces hot gases, smoke, and other products of combustion. fe et (1 5 m ) 20 cubic feet (0. 57 m 3) of water @ 500°F (260°C) converts to 48, 000 feet (1 359 m) of steam 96 feet (29 m) 50 10 feet (3 m) • In some cases, steam may smother fire by excluding oxygen.

VS 13 -4 FRICTION LOSS Velocity: Rate of motion of particle in a a

VS 13 -4 FRICTION LOSS Velocity: Rate of motion of particle in a a given direction; speed Friction Loss: Pressure lost while forcing water through pipe, fittings, fire hose, and adapters. Critical Velocity: Turbulence caused when a stream is subjected to excessive velocity

 Greater heat absorbing capacity than other common extinguishing agents ◦ One BTU is

Greater heat absorbing capacity than other common extinguishing agents ◦ One BTU is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree F. ◦ Cools fuel below ignition temperature A relatively large amount of heat is required to vaporize liquid water to steam – 970 BTU’s are required to vaporize water, changing it to steam. ADVANTAGES OF USING WATER

 The greater the surface area of the water exposed, the more rapidly heat

The greater the surface area of the water exposed, the more rapidly heat will be absorbed Water converted to steam occupies 1700 times the original volume occupied by the liquid ◦ Displaces hot gases, smoke and other products of combustion. ADVANTAGES OF USING WATER

 Water has a considerable amount of surface tension ◦ Will not readily penetrate

Water has a considerable amount of surface tension ◦ Will not readily penetrate certain porous materials. ◦ Will react with combustible materials Certain metals ◦ Freezing will occur at 32 degrees F (0 degrees C) ◦ Water has low viscosity; it will not cling or readily coat materials ◦ May conduct electricity under certain conditions DISADVANTAGES OF USING WATER

TS 13– 3 Rough hose lining Damaged Sharp hose couplings bends/kinks in Adapters Partially

TS 13– 3 Rough hose lining Damaged Sharp hose couplings bends/kinks in Adapters Partially closed valves/nozzles Wrong size gasket Excessive length Excess size hose flow for hose CAUSES OF FRICTION LOSS

TS 13– 4 CAUSES OF PRESSURE LOSS OTHER THAN FRICTION LOSS Broken hoseline Mechanical

TS 13– 4 CAUSES OF PRESSURE LOSS OTHER THAN FRICTION LOSS Broken hoseline Mechanical Error problem due to poor water supply in hydraulics calculation Obstructions Elevation from the pump or water main of nozzle above pump

VS 13 -5 SOME REASONS FOR PRESSURE LOSS Damaged Couplings Kinks or Sharp Bends

VS 13 -5 SOME REASONS FOR PRESSURE LOSS Damaged Couplings Kinks or Sharp Bends Adapters Hose Length Elevation Loss Hose Diameter/Length 100 gpm 1½ 30 psi Loss per 100 ft. 2½ 3 psi Loss per 100 ft.

TS 13– 5 Check for rough linings in fire hose. Replace damaged hose couplings.

TS 13– 5 Check for rough linings in fire hose. Replace damaged hose couplings. • Keep nozzles and valves fully open when operating hoselines. Eliminate • Use proper size hose Use • Use short hoselines as sharp bends in hose when possible. adapters to make hose connections only when necessary. Reduce flow. amount of gaskets for hose selected. much as possible. • Use larger hose or multiple lines when flow must be increased. GUIDELINES FOR REDUCING FRICTION LOSS

TS 13– 6 Nozzle above Fire Pump = Pressure Loss Nozzle below Fire Pump

TS 13– 6 Nozzle above Fire Pump = Pressure Loss Nozzle below Fire Pump = Pressure Gain ELEVATION LOSS/GAIN

VS 13 -6 WATER HAMMER Water hammer hits everything Pump Piping Hose Hydrant Coupling

VS 13 -6 WATER HAMMER Water hammer hits everything Pump Piping Hose Hydrant Coupling Main Open and close all nozzles and valves slowly.

TS 13– 7 Is surge created by suddenly stopping the flow of water through

TS 13– 7 Is surge created by suddenly stopping the flow of water through fire hose or pipe • Can damage pumps, Is often heard as a distinct clank, much like a hammer striking pipe • Can be prevented by Causes a change in direction of energy and multiplies the energy many times hoselines, water mains, couplings, nozzles, and hydrants WATER HAMMER operating nozzle controls, hydrants, valves, and hose clamps slowly

 Solid streams ◦ Designed to produce a stream as compact as possible with

Solid streams ◦ Designed to produce a stream as compact as possible with little shower or spray ◦ Produced from a fixed orifice ◦ Longer reach than other types of streams ◦ Reduced problem of steam burns to firefighters and trapped civilians as a result of disturbance to the normal thermal layering of heat and gases during interior structural attack ◦ Operating pressures (2 -3. 9(a)) 50 psi on handlines 80 psi on master stream devices FIRE STREAM PATTERNS

 Fog streams ◦ A fog stream is a patterned stream composed of fine

Fog streams ◦ A fog stream is a patterned stream composed of fine water droplets ◦ Variable stream patterns can be produced Wide angle fog Narrow angle fog Straight stream ◦ Greater heat absorption due to more surface area of water exposed ◦ May be used in close proximity to energized electrical equipment FIRE STREAM PATTERNS

◦ Have less reach than solid streams ◦ Less penetrating power than solid streams

◦ Have less reach than solid streams ◦ Less penetrating power than solid streams ◦ Susceptible to wind currents ◦ Improper use during interior attacks can Spread fire Create heat inversion Cause steam burns to firefighters and trapped civilians ◦ Operate at designed pressure FIRE STREAM PATTERNS

 Broken Stream ◦ Solid stream broken into coarsely divided water droplets ◦ Droplets

Broken Stream ◦ Solid stream broken into coarsely divided water droplets ◦ Droplets are larger than fog stream droplets and have better penetration FIRE STREAM PATTERNS

 Fire type streams are identified by size and ◦ The size is the

Fire type streams are identified by size and ◦ The size is the amount of water in gallons per minute that will flow at a specified pressure. ◦ The type of fire stream is the pattern Booster lines ◦ Low-volume stream: Discharge is generally less than 40 GPM ◦ Handline stream: Generally range from 40 -350 GPM ½” to 2” diameter handlines (small): 40 -100 GPM 2 ½” – 3” diameter handlines (medium large) 165 -350 GPM ◦ Master stream: Discharge is greater than 350 GPM THREE SIZES OF FIRE STREAMS

 Solid stream nozzles ◦ Shape of the stream in the nozzle is gradually

Solid stream nozzles ◦ Shape of the stream in the nozzle is gradually reduced until it is a short distance from the outlet ◦ Has a smooth finished waterway one to one and one-half times its diameter ◦ Discharge orifice should be no greater than one -half the diameter of the hoseline supplying the nozzle. DESIGN

 Fog stream nozzles ◦ Set or constant gallonage nozzles One flow rate at

Fog stream nozzles ◦ Set or constant gallonage nozzles One flow rate at a given discharge pressure ◦ Adjustable gallonage nozzles Allows one of several preset gallon settings to be selected ◦ Automatic nozzles Discharge a wide range of flows depending on the pressure being supplied to the nozzle DESIGN

VS 13 -22 NOZZLE CONTROL VALVES ROTARY CONTROL VALVE A screw guides an exterior

VS 13 -22 NOZZLE CONTROL VALVES ROTARY CONTROL VALVE A screw guides an exterior barrel around an interior barrel. This valve also controls the stream discharge Pattern.

Adjustable gallonage nozzles Set or constant gallonage nozzles

Adjustable gallonage nozzles Set or constant gallonage nozzles

Automatic nozzles

Automatic nozzles

 Broken stream nozzles ◦ Limited to special applications ◦ Designed for a specific

Broken stream nozzles ◦ Limited to special applications ◦ Designed for a specific use ◦ Types are: Water curtain ◦ Designed to produce a fan-like pattern that is most effective if sprayed directly upon the exposure being protected Cellar or distributor nozzle ◦ Designed to be raised or lowered through holes in floors or ceilings Piercing nozzle ◦ Designed with a hardened steep tip that can be driven through a wall or partition ◦ Can be used on truck or engine compartment of a vehicle DESIGN

 Smooth bore handline: Fog handline, normal Fog handline, mid-pressure Fog handline, low pressure

Smooth bore handline: Fog handline, normal Fog handline, mid-pressure Fog handline, low pressure Smooth bore master stream Fog master stream 50 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 50 PSI 80 PSI 100 PSI NOZZLE PRESSURE

 Nozzle control valve ◦ Permits regulation of the flow ◦ Types: Ball valve

Nozzle control valve ◦ Permits regulation of the flow ◦ Types: Ball valve Slide valve Rotary control FOG NOZZLE

 Exterior barrel ◦ Body of nozzle ◦ Rotating changes stream pattern Deflecting stem

Exterior barrel ◦ Body of nozzle ◦ Rotating changes stream pattern Deflecting stem ◦ Position in relation to barrel determines shape of stream Gallonage adjustment ring (on variable gallonage nozzles) ◦ Used to select gallons per minute desired FOG NOZZLE

 Rubber bumper/guard ◦ Located on barrel of nozzle Provides solid grip for adjusting

Rubber bumper/guard ◦ Located on barrel of nozzle Provides solid grip for adjusting stream pattern Protects nozzle if dropped ◦ Play pipes Tapered pipe used to accelerate flow Usually found on 2 ½ inch nozzles ◦ Stream straightness Used to prevent the twisting motion of a fire stream FOG NOZZLE

 Accessories ◦ Pistol grips (Throw them away!) ◦ Large double handles (usually 2

Accessories ◦ Pistol grips (Throw them away!) ◦ Large double handles (usually 2 ½ inch nozzles) Identify the water flow through various types of fog nozzles 2 -13. 10 (4 -3. 1) FOG NOZZLE

 Periphery – deflected ◦ Produced by deflecting water from the periphery of an

Periphery – deflected ◦ Produced by deflecting water from the periphery of an inside, circular stem and then again by the exterior barrel ◦ Position of exterior barrel determines shape of stream WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG NOZZLES

 Impinging jet ◦ Developed by driving several jets of water together at a

Impinging jet ◦ Developed by driving several jets of water together at a fixed angle ◦ Usually produces wide fog patterns WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG NOZZLES