DNA Structure and Function DNA Structure DNA is
![DNA Structure and Function DNA Structure and Function](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-1.jpg)
![DNA Structure • DNA is a macromolecule that stores and transfers information in living DNA Structure • DNA is a macromolecule that stores and transfers information in living](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-2.jpg)
![DNA Structure • DNA consists of long strands of nucleotides. • Each nucleotide consists DNA Structure • DNA consists of long strands of nucleotides. • Each nucleotide consists](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-3.jpg)
![Nucleotide Bases ADENINE (A) phosphate group GUANINE (G) deoxyribose THYMINE (T) CYTOSINE (C) Nucleotide Bases ADENINE (A) phosphate group GUANINE (G) deoxyribose THYMINE (T) CYTOSINE (C)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-4.jpg)
![Composition of DNA • Chargaff showed: – Amount of adenine relative to guanine differs Composition of DNA • Chargaff showed: – Amount of adenine relative to guanine differs](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-5.jpg)
![Rosalind Franklin’s Work • Was an expert in x-ray crystallography • Used this technique Rosalind Franklin’s Work • Was an expert in x-ray crystallography • Used this technique](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-6.jpg)
![Structure of the Hereditary Material • Experiments in the 1950 s showed that DNA Structure of the Hereditary Material • Experiments in the 1950 s showed that DNA](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-7.jpg)
![Watson-Crick Model • DNA consists of two nucleotide strands • Strands run in opposite Watson-Crick Model • DNA consists of two nucleotide strands • Strands run in opposite](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-8.jpg)
![Watson-Crick Model http: //learn. genetics. uta h. edu/units/basics/build dna/ Watson-Crick Model http: //learn. genetics. uta h. edu/units/basics/build dna/](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-9.jpg)
![DNA Function • DNA can copy itself - REPLICATION • DNA transfers information to DNA Function • DNA can copy itself - REPLICATION • DNA transfers information to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-10.jpg)
![DNA Structure Helps Explain How it Duplicates • DNA is two nucleotide strands held DNA Structure Helps Explain How it Duplicates • DNA is two nucleotide strands held](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-11.jpg)
![DNA Replication • Each parent strand remains intact • Every DNA molecule is half DNA Replication • Each parent strand remains intact • Every DNA molecule is half](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-12.jpg)
![Base Pairing During Replication Each old strand serves as the template for complementary new Base Pairing During Replication Each old strand serves as the template for complementary new](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-13.jpg)
![Enzymes in Replication • DNA helicase unwind the two strands • DNA polymerase attaches Enzymes in Replication • DNA helicase unwind the two strands • DNA polymerase attaches](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-14.jpg)
![A Closer Look at Strand Assembly Energy for strand assembly is provided by removal A Closer Look at Strand Assembly Energy for strand assembly is provided by removal](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-15.jpg)
![Continuous and Discontinuous Assembly Strands can only be assembled in the 5’ to 3’ Continuous and Discontinuous Assembly Strands can only be assembled in the 5’ to 3’](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-16.jpg)
![DNA Repair • Mistakes can occur during replication • DNA polymerase can read correct DNA Repair • Mistakes can occur during replication • DNA polymerase can read correct](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-17.jpg)
![Steps from DNA to Proteins Same two steps produce ALL proteins: 1) DNA is Steps from DNA to Proteins Same two steps produce ALL proteins: 1) DNA is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-18.jpg)
![Three Classes of RNAs • Messenger RNA – Carries protein-building instruction • Ribosomal RNA Three Classes of RNAs • Messenger RNA – Carries protein-building instruction • Ribosomal RNA](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-19.jpg)
![A Nucleotide Subunit of RNA uracil (base) phosphate group sugar (ribose) A Nucleotide Subunit of RNA uracil (base) phosphate group sugar (ribose)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-20.jpg)
![Base Pairing During Transcription • A new RNA strand can be put together on Base Pairing During Transcription • A new RNA strand can be put together on](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-21.jpg)
![Transcription & DNA Replication • Like DNA replication – Nucleotides added in 5’ to Transcription & DNA Replication • Like DNA replication – Nucleotides added in 5’ to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-22.jpg)
![Promoter • A base sequence in the DNA that signals the start of a Promoter • A base sequence in the DNA that signals the start of a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-23.jpg)
![Adding Nucleotides 5’ growing RNA transcript 3’ 5’ 3’ direction of transcription Adding Nucleotides 5’ growing RNA transcript 3’ 5’ 3’ direction of transcription](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-24.jpg)
![Transcript Modification unit of transcription in a DNA strand 3’ exon intron exon transcription Transcript Modification unit of transcription in a DNA strand 3’ exon intron exon transcription](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-25.jpg)
![Genetic Code • Set of 64 base triplets – ex: AGA CCC • Codons Genetic Code • Set of 64 base triplets – ex: AGA CCC • Codons](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-26.jpg)
![Genetic Code Genetic Code](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-27.jpg)
![Genetic Code Genetic Code](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-28.jpg)
![Code Is Redundant • Twenty kinds of amino acids are specified by 61 codons Code Is Redundant • Twenty kinds of amino acids are specified by 61 codons](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-29.jpg)
![t. RNA Structure codon in m. RNA anticodon in t. RNA amino acid t. t. RNA Structure codon in m. RNA anticodon in t. RNA amino acid t.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-30.jpg)
![Ribosomes tunnel small ribosomal subunit large ribosomal subunit intact ribosome Ribosomes tunnel small ribosomal subunit large ribosomal subunit intact ribosome](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-31.jpg)
- Slides: 31
![DNA Structure and Function DNA Structure and Function](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-1.jpg)
DNA Structure and Function
![DNA Structure DNA is a macromolecule that stores and transfers information in living DNA Structure • DNA is a macromolecule that stores and transfers information in living](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-2.jpg)
DNA Structure • DNA is a macromolecule that stores and transfers information in living cells. • It is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. • It is also found in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
![DNA Structure DNA consists of long strands of nucleotides Each nucleotide consists DNA Structure • DNA consists of long strands of nucleotides. • Each nucleotide consists](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-3.jpg)
DNA Structure • DNA consists of long strands of nucleotides. • Each nucleotide consists of – Deoxyribose (5 -carbon sugar) – Phosphate group – A nitrogen-containing base • Four bases – Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
![Nucleotide Bases ADENINE A phosphate group GUANINE G deoxyribose THYMINE T CYTOSINE C Nucleotide Bases ADENINE (A) phosphate group GUANINE (G) deoxyribose THYMINE (T) CYTOSINE (C)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-4.jpg)
Nucleotide Bases ADENINE (A) phosphate group GUANINE (G) deoxyribose THYMINE (T) CYTOSINE (C)
![Composition of DNA Chargaff showed Amount of adenine relative to guanine differs Composition of DNA • Chargaff showed: – Amount of adenine relative to guanine differs](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-5.jpg)
Composition of DNA • Chargaff showed: – Amount of adenine relative to guanine differs among species – Amount of adenine always equals amount of thymine and amount of guanine always equals amount of cytosine A=T and G=C
![Rosalind Franklins Work Was an expert in xray crystallography Used this technique Rosalind Franklin’s Work • Was an expert in x-ray crystallography • Used this technique](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-6.jpg)
Rosalind Franklin’s Work • Was an expert in x-ray crystallography • Used this technique to examine DNA fibers • Concluded that DNA was some sort of helix
![Structure of the Hereditary Material Experiments in the 1950 s showed that DNA Structure of the Hereditary Material • Experiments in the 1950 s showed that DNA](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-7.jpg)
Structure of the Hereditary Material • Experiments in the 1950 s showed that DNA is the hereditary material • Scientists raced to determine the structure of DNA • 1953 - Watson and Crick proposed that DNA is a double helix • http: //nobelprize. org/educatio nal_games/medicine/dna_do uble_helix/
![WatsonCrick Model DNA consists of two nucleotide strands Strands run in opposite Watson-Crick Model • DNA consists of two nucleotide strands • Strands run in opposite](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-8.jpg)
Watson-Crick Model • DNA consists of two nucleotide strands • Strands run in opposite directions • Strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases • A binds with T and C with G • Molecule is a double helix
![WatsonCrick Model http learn genetics uta h eduunitsbasicsbuild dna Watson-Crick Model http: //learn. genetics. uta h. edu/units/basics/build dna/](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-9.jpg)
Watson-Crick Model http: //learn. genetics. uta h. edu/units/basics/build dna/
![DNA Function DNA can copy itself REPLICATION DNA transfers information to DNA Function • DNA can copy itself - REPLICATION • DNA transfers information to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-10.jpg)
DNA Function • DNA can copy itself - REPLICATION • DNA transfers information to new strands of DNA. • DNA can transfer its information to RNA - TRANSCRIPTION • RNA then translates information into an amino acid sequence - TRANSLATION
![DNA Structure Helps Explain How it Duplicates DNA is two nucleotide strands held DNA Structure Helps Explain How it Duplicates • DNA is two nucleotide strands held](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-11.jpg)
DNA Structure Helps Explain How it Duplicates • DNA is two nucleotide strands held together by hydrogen bonds • Hydrogen bonds between two strands are easily broken • Each single strand then serves as template for new strand
![DNA Replication Each parent strand remains intact Every DNA molecule is half DNA Replication • Each parent strand remains intact • Every DNA molecule is half](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-12.jpg)
DNA Replication • Each parent strand remains intact • Every DNA molecule is half “old” and half “new” new old new
![Base Pairing During Replication Each old strand serves as the template for complementary new Base Pairing During Replication Each old strand serves as the template for complementary new](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-13.jpg)
Base Pairing During Replication Each old strand serves as the template for complementary new strand
![Enzymes in Replication DNA helicase unwind the two strands DNA polymerase attaches Enzymes in Replication • DNA helicase unwind the two strands • DNA polymerase attaches](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-14.jpg)
Enzymes in Replication • DNA helicase unwind the two strands • DNA polymerase attaches complementary nucleotides • DNA ligase fills in gaps • Other enzymes wind two strands together.
![A Closer Look at Strand Assembly Energy for strand assembly is provided by removal A Closer Look at Strand Assembly Energy for strand assembly is provided by removal](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-15.jpg)
A Closer Look at Strand Assembly Energy for strand assembly is provided by removal of two phosphate groups from free nucleotides newly forming DNA strand one parent DNA strand
![Continuous and Discontinuous Assembly Strands can only be assembled in the 5 to 3 Continuous and Discontinuous Assembly Strands can only be assembled in the 5’ to 3’](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-16.jpg)
Continuous and Discontinuous Assembly Strands can only be assembled in the 5’ to 3’ direction. This refers to the number of the carbon of the sugar
![DNA Repair Mistakes can occur during replication DNA polymerase can read correct DNA Repair • Mistakes can occur during replication • DNA polymerase can read correct](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-17.jpg)
DNA Repair • Mistakes can occur during replication • DNA polymerase can read correct sequence from complementary strand and, together with DNA ligase, can repair mistakes in incorrect strand
![Steps from DNA to Proteins Same two steps produce ALL proteins 1 DNA is Steps from DNA to Proteins Same two steps produce ALL proteins: 1) DNA is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-18.jpg)
Steps from DNA to Proteins Same two steps produce ALL proteins: 1) DNA is transcribed to form RNA – Occurs in the nucleus – RNA moves into cytoplasm 2) RNA is translated to form polypeptide chains, which fold to form proteins
![Three Classes of RNAs Messenger RNA Carries proteinbuilding instruction Ribosomal RNA Three Classes of RNAs • Messenger RNA – Carries protein-building instruction • Ribosomal RNA](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-19.jpg)
Three Classes of RNAs • Messenger RNA – Carries protein-building instruction • Ribosomal RNA – Major component of ribosomes • Transfer RNA – Delivers amino acids to ribosomes
![A Nucleotide Subunit of RNA uracil base phosphate group sugar ribose A Nucleotide Subunit of RNA uracil (base) phosphate group sugar (ribose)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-20.jpg)
A Nucleotide Subunit of RNA uracil (base) phosphate group sugar (ribose)
![Base Pairing During Transcription A new RNA strand can be put together on Base Pairing During Transcription • A new RNA strand can be put together on](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-21.jpg)
Base Pairing During Transcription • A new RNA strand can be put together on a DNA region according to basepairing rules • As in DNA, C pairs with G • Uracil (U) pairs with adenine (A)
![Transcription DNA Replication Like DNA replication Nucleotides added in 5 to Transcription & DNA Replication • Like DNA replication – Nucleotides added in 5’ to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-22.jpg)
Transcription & DNA Replication • Like DNA replication – Nucleotides added in 5’ to 3’ direction • Unlike DNA replication – Only small stretch is template – RNA polymerase catalyzes nucleotide addition – Product is a single strand of RNA
![Promoter A base sequence in the DNA that signals the start of a Promoter • A base sequence in the DNA that signals the start of a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-23.jpg)
Promoter • A base sequence in the DNA that signals the start of a gene • For transcription to occur, RNA polymerase must first bind to a promoter transcribed DNA winds up again DNA to be transcribed unwinds m. RNA transcript RNA polymerase
![Adding Nucleotides 5 growing RNA transcript 3 5 3 direction of transcription Adding Nucleotides 5’ growing RNA transcript 3’ 5’ 3’ direction of transcription](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-24.jpg)
Adding Nucleotides 5’ growing RNA transcript 3’ 5’ 3’ direction of transcription
![Transcript Modification unit of transcription in a DNA strand 3 exon intron exon transcription Transcript Modification unit of transcription in a DNA strand 3’ exon intron exon transcription](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-25.jpg)
Transcript Modification unit of transcription in a DNA strand 3’ exon intron exon transcription intron 5’ exon into pre-m. RNA poly-A tail 3’ cap 5’ snipped out 5’ 3’ mature m. RNA transcript
![Genetic Code Set of 64 base triplets ex AGA CCC Codons Genetic Code • Set of 64 base triplets – ex: AGA CCC • Codons](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-26.jpg)
Genetic Code • Set of 64 base triplets – ex: AGA CCC • Codons - Nucleotide bases read in blocks of three • 61 of the base triplets specify amino acids • 3 stop codons – UGA, UAG • http: //nobelprize. org/educational_games/medicine /gene-code/how. html
![Genetic Code Genetic Code](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-27.jpg)
Genetic Code
![Genetic Code Genetic Code](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-28.jpg)
Genetic Code
![Code Is Redundant Twenty kinds of amino acids are specified by 61 codons Code Is Redundant • Twenty kinds of amino acids are specified by 61 codons](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-29.jpg)
Code Is Redundant • Twenty kinds of amino acids are specified by 61 codons • Most amino acids can be specified by more than one codon • Six codons specify leucine – UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG
![t RNA Structure codon in m RNA anticodon in t RNA amino acid t t. RNA Structure codon in m. RNA anticodon in t. RNA amino acid t.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-30.jpg)
t. RNA Structure codon in m. RNA anticodon in t. RNA amino acid t. RNA molecule’s attachment site for amino acid OH
![Ribosomes tunnel small ribosomal subunit large ribosomal subunit intact ribosome Ribosomes tunnel small ribosomal subunit large ribosomal subunit intact ribosome](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/a7ebde9638854c74999b993171c7c23c/image-31.jpg)
Ribosomes tunnel small ribosomal subunit large ribosomal subunit intact ribosome
Function of dna polymerase 3
Coding dna and non coding dna
Bioflix activity dna replication lagging strand synthesis
The principal enzyme involved in dna replication is
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