Contemporary PsychiatricMental Health Nursing Chapter 16 Schizophrenia and

Features of Schizophrenia = Prevalence in U. S. is 1. 1%. = Average onset

Features of Schizophrenia continued = Progression varies from one client to another – Exacerbations

Features of Schizophrenia continued = DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis – Symptoms present at least 6 months

Features of Schizophrenia continued = Positive symptoms – Excess or distortion of normal functioning

Features of Schizophrenia continued = Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia – Hallucination – Delusions –

Features of Schizophrenia continued = Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia – Flat affect and apathy

Subtypes of Schizophrenia = Paranoid type = Disorganized type = Catatonic type = Undifferentiated

Subtypes of Schizophrenia continued = Paranoid Type – Delusions =Persecutory and grandiose =Somatic or

Subtypes of Schizophrenia continued Click here to view a video featuring Larry, who has

Subtypes of Schizophrenia continued = Disorganized type – Disorganized speech, behavior, appearance – Flat

Subtypes of Schizophrenia continued = Catatonic type – Psychomotor retardation and stupor – Extreme

Subtypes of Schizophrenia continued = Undifferentiated type – Active psychotic state – Lacks symptoms

Other Psychotic Disorders = Schizophreniform disorder = Schizoaffective disorder = Delusional disorder = Brief

Causes of Schizophrenia = Biopsychosocial theories = Interrelated factors Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Biologic theories = Psychological theories = Family theories

Causes of Schizophrenia = Biologic Theory: Genetic – Only genetic predisposition for developing schizophrenia

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Biologic Theory: Brain Structure Abnormality – Differs from

Causes of Schizophrenia Figure 16. 2 Schizophrenia scans. PET scans of discordant monozygotic twins

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Biologic Theory: Biochemical Theories – Dopamine hypothesis –

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Psychological theories – Information processing =Difficulty controlling the

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Psychological theories – Information processing =Deficient in automatic

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Family Theories – Dysfunctional interaction not supported by

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Humanistic-interactional theories integrate biological and psychosocial theories =

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Stress–Vulnerability Model – Stressors increase vulnerability – Cumulative

Influences on the Course of Schizophrenia = Social Pressures – Lack of social support

Influences on the Course of Schizophrenia - continued = Psychological pressures – Difficulty with

Nursing Implications = Assessment – Premorbid functioning – Content of thought – Form of

Nursing Implications - continued = Nursing Diagnoses – Altered thought process – Social isolation

Nursing Implications: Supporting Families = Family needs vary with degree of illness and involvement

Nursing Implications: Supporting Families - continued = Schizophrenia is a “family illness. ” =

Measures to Prevent Relapse = Ensure client takes medication = Educate family about signs

Measures to Prevent Relapse continued = Relapse prevention programs work best when: – Psychosocial

Measures to Prevent Relapse continued = Relapse prevention programs provide education and support regarding:

Challenges to Adherence = Side effects = Level of symptomatology = Cognitive, motivational, financial,

Increasing Adherence = Involve clients in treatment = Instruct client about reducing discomfort =

Personal Awareness = Identify personal feelings. = Recognize personal perceptions. = What behaviors do

Personal Awareness - continued = What defines “normal” behavior? = What are my fears

Personal Awareness - continued = Be honest with your feelings. = Identify what strengths

Resources = http: //www. nami. org The National Alliance on Mental Illness provides information,

Resources - continued = http: //www. narsad. org/index. html The National Alliance for Research

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Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing Chapter 16 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Features of Schizophrenia = Prevalence in U. S. is 1. 1%. = Average onset is late teens to early twenties, but can be as late as mid-fifties = Affects cognitive, emotional, and behavioral function = 30% to 40% relapse rate in the first year Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Features of Schizophrenia continued = Progression varies from one client to another – Exacerbations and remissions – Chronic but stable – Progressive deterioration Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Features of Schizophrenia continued = DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis – Symptoms present at least 6 months – Active-phase symptoms present at least 1 month – Symptoms are defined as positive and negative Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Features of Schizophrenia continued = Positive symptoms – Excess or distortion of normal functioning – Aberrant response = Negative symptoms – Deficit in functioning Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Features of Schizophrenia continued = Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia – Hallucination – Delusions – Disordered speech and behavior Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Features of Schizophrenia continued = Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia – Flat affect and apathy – Alogia – Avolition – Anhedonia Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Subtypes of Schizophrenia = Paranoid type = Disorganized type = Catatonic type = Undifferentiated type = Residual Type Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Subtypes of Schizophrenia continued = Paranoid Type – Delusions =Persecutory and grandiose =Somatic or religious – Hallucinations =Delusions link with a hallucination Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Subtypes of Schizophrenia continued Click here to view a video featuring Larry, who has been diagnosed as having paranoid schizophrenia. Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Subtypes of Schizophrenia continued = Disorganized type – Disorganized speech, behavior, appearance – Flat or inappropriate affect – Fragmented hallucinations and delusions – Most severe form of schizophrenia Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Subtypes of Schizophrenia continued = Catatonic type – Psychomotor retardation and stupor – Extreme psychomotor agitation – Waxy flexibility – Echolalia – Mutism – Echopraxia Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Subtypes of Schizophrenia continued = Undifferentiated type – Active psychotic state – Lacks symptoms of other subtypes = Residual type – At least one episode of schizophrenia – No prominent positive symptoms – Negative symptoms present Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Other Psychotic Disorders = Schizophreniform disorder = Schizoaffective disorder = Delusional disorder = Brief psychotic disorder Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Causes of Schizophrenia = Biopsychosocial theories = Interrelated factors Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Biologic theories = Psychological theories = Family theories = Humanistic-interactional theories Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Causes of Schizophrenia = Biologic Theory: Genetic – Only genetic predisposition for developing schizophrenia is inherited – 10% of first-degree relatives – 25%-39% of monozygotic twins Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Biologic Theory: Brain Structure Abnormality – Differs from those with no symptoms – May be genetically based – Requires more study Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Causes of Schizophrenia Figure 16. 2 Schizophrenia scans. PET scans of discordant monozygotic twins taken during a test to provoke activity and measure regional cerebral blood flow. (A) Arrows indicate areas of normal blood flow and brain activity in the unaffected twin. (B) Arrows indicate areas of lower blood flow and brain activity in the twin with schizophrenia. Source: Courtesy of Dr. Karen F. Berman, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Biologic Theory: Biochemical Theories – Dopamine hypothesis – Traditional antipsychotic medications are dopamine blockers – Dopamine blocker alleviate positive symptoms Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Psychological theories – Information processing =Difficulty controlling the amount and type of information that is processed in the brain. – Attention and arousal =Hyper or hypo responsiveness to various situations Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Psychological theories – Information processing =Deficient in automatic processing =Deficient in controlled or effortful processing – Attention and arousal =Hypo-, hyper-responses Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Family Theories – Dysfunctional interaction not supported by research – Disordered family communication linked only with genetic predisposition – Family emotional tone influences course of schizophrenia – Expressed emotions theory (EE) Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Humanistic-interactional theories integrate biological and psychosocial theories = Combine influences of: – Genetic predisposition or biologic vulnerability – Environmental stressors – Social support Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Causes of Schizophrenia - continued = Stress–Vulnerability Model – Stressors increase vulnerability – Cumulative effect of: =Genetic predisposition =Personal stressors =Familial factors =Environmental factors Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Influences on the Course of Schizophrenia = Social Pressures – Lack of social support – Financial problems – Stigma Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Influences on the Course of Schizophrenia - continued = Psychological pressures – Difficulty with problem-solving – Difficulty with interpreting reality – Difficulty coping – Problems with self-care – Unstable interpersonal relationships Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nursing Implications = Assessment – Premorbid functioning – Content of thought – Form of thought – Perception – Sense of self – Delusions and perceptual disturbances – Hallucinations – Drug use Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nursing Implications - continued = Nursing Diagnoses – Altered thought process – Social isolation – Risk for violence – Self-care deficits – Altered health maintenance – Ineffective family coping Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nursing Implications: Supporting Families = Family needs vary with degree of illness and involvement in client’s care – – – Education Financial support Psychosocial support Education Advocacy Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Nursing Implications: Supporting Families - continued = Schizophrenia is a “family illness. ” = Family members need to be involved. = Educate family about – Medication – Illness – Relapse prevention = Nurse assists family by – Identifying community agencies/groups for family members – Advocating for rights Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Measures to Prevent Relapse = Ensure client takes medication = Educate family about signs and symptoms of relapse = Client and family to participate in relapse prevention program Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Measures to Prevent Relapse continued = Relapse prevention programs work best when: – Psychosocial treatment and social skills training are combined with antipsychotic medication – Behavior patterns are monitored – Family members understand triggers Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Measures to Prevent Relapse continued = Relapse prevention programs provide education and support regarding: – – – Individual triggers, symptoms of relapse Managing side effects of medications Interventions to reduce or eliminate triggers Strategies to facilitate early intervention Cognitive therapy Community resources Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Challenges to Adherence = Side effects = Level of symptomatology = Cognitive, motivational, financial, and cultural issues = Issues with caregivers = Insufficient medication teaching Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Increasing Adherence = Involve clients in treatment = Instruct client about reducing discomfort = Provide peer support = Provide reminders and positive feedback = Recognize accomplishments Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Personal Awareness = Identify personal feelings. = Recognize personal perceptions. = What behaviors do you expect to see? = How will you respond to these behaviors? = What is the meaning of the behaviors? Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Personal Awareness - continued = What defines “normal” behavior? = What are my fears associated with mental illness? Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Personal Awareness - continued = Be honest with your feelings. = Identify what strengths you bring to the situation. = Remember that clients are human beings with a mental disorder and do not choose to be this way. Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Resources = http: //www. nami. org The National Alliance on Mental Illness provides information, education, and support relating to mental health illnesses and disorders for clients, families, and professionals. = http: //www. nimh. nih. gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index. shtml The National Institute of Mental Health is part of the Department of Health and Human Services and has information about research on various mental health illnesses. = http: //www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/schizophrenia. html Medline Plus is a service of the National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health. This site provides definitions related to various aspects of schizophrenia. Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Resources - continued = http: //www. narsad. org/index. html The National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD) is a private, non-for-profit charity organization primarily organized to raise funds for research. = http: //www. mayoclinic. com Search by topic on this Mayo Clinic link to find current information about mental illness Contemporary Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Second Edition Carol R. Kneisl and Eileen Trigoboff Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.