Chapter 3 Development of PsychiatricMental Health Nursing Theory

By unfolding the development of our theoretical past, we gain insights that improve our

Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to • Compare and

Theory Theories can • Be tested • Be challenged • Be modified • Be

Nursing Theories • Peplau’s interpersonal theory • Orem’s behavioral nursing theory • Roy’s theory

Application to Practice • Needs-oriented approach • Interaction-oriented approach • Outcome-oriented approach • Eclectic

Agreement Among Nursing Theorists • Nursing theories offer a beginning articulation of what nursing

The role of nurses is to provide therapeutic care so that clients are able

Key Terms • Behavioral nursing theory • Nursing theory • Cognator • Outcome-oriented approach

Reflection • Do the psychiatric nursing and nursing theories by Peplau, Orem, Roy, Parse,

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By unfolding the development of our theoretical past, we gain insights that improve our understanding of our current progress, and we are empowered to achieve our disciplinary goals. By looking at our theoretical present, we see shadows of our past, as well as visions of our future. Reconstructing our theoretical heritage is a process that involves reconstructing our present reality. Meleis, 2007 Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to • Compare and contrast the terms conceptual framework and theoretical hypothesis • Explain the purpose of theory • Describe three types of theory used in psychiatric nursing • Analyze theories of Hildegard Peplau, Dorothea Orem, Sister Callista Roy, Martha Rogers and Rosemarie Parse, and Madeline Leininger • Discuss the relationship between nursing theory and research • Articulate how nursing theory is applied to practice • Interpret the phrase eclectic approach Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Nursing Theories • Peplau’s interpersonal theory • Orem’s behavioral nursing theory • Roy’s theory of adaptation • Parse’s theory of human becoming • Leininger’s theory of cultural care diversity and universality Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Agreement Among Nursing Theorists • Nursing theories offer a beginning articulation of what nursing is and what roles nurses play. • Nursing theories provide descriptions of how to help clients become comfortable, deliver treatment with the least damage, and enhance high-level wellness. • Nursing theories offer a beginning common language and agreement about who the nursing care recipients are. • Nurses should not view the recipients only through biologic glasses or psychological glasses but rather through holistic glasses. • Recipients have needs, and nursing assists them in meeting those needs. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The role of nurses is to provide therapeutic care so that clients are able to adapt to the environment and meet identified needs related to selfcare ability, health, and well-being. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Key Terms • Behavioral nursing theory • Nursing theory • Cognator • Outcome-oriented approach • Conceptual framework • Regulator • Cultural care diversity and universality theory • Systems-oriented theory • Eclectic approach • Theory • Interaction-oriented approach • Theory of adaptation • Theoretical hypothesis • Interpersonal theory • Theory of human becoming • Needs-oriented approach • Tidal model Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Reflection • Do the psychiatric nursing and nursing theories by Peplau, Orem, Roy, Parse, and Leininger remain appropriate, or should modifications be considered to meet the multifaceted needs of clients in the 21 st century? ? Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins