Schizophrenia Chance Ogden Health II History of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia Chance Ogden Health II

History of Schizophrenia • Accounts of schizophrenia date back thousands of years into the past, starting with an old Egyptian medical document known as the Ebers Papyrus • Within this document lies a chapter called the book of hearts, which speaks of patients with symptoms such as madness and delusional thinking, as well as insanity. This document is believed to be an early account of schizophrenia. This image is a page of the document that details various symptoms of an illness believed to be schizophrenia

Schizophrenia Of Antiquity • Here lies a patient being water boarded in This is the Bethlehem Asylum of 1403, one of the hopes that she will be cleansed of For much of human history, mental illnesses were believed to be caused by first asylums ever established. Mentally ill people demons and evil spirits. supernatural means. This may include demonic possession or evil magic of often did not get adequate treatment during this Here lies a skull that was drilled time. into to remove the ‘evil spirits’ some sort. People who were mentally retarded, physically deformed, or from the patients mind. mentally ill were all seen as evil and were thus treated the same. • Patients were often treated through methods that seem strange today. These include methods such as water boarding, exorcisms, and another that involves drilling into ones skull in order to remove evil spirits. • All people who acted abnormal were simply seen as being “mad”, so an efficient way of classifying mental illnesses such as schizophrenia did not exist at this time

Emile Kraepelin • Kraepelin used the term “dementia praecox” for patients with symptoms that are now associated with schizophrenia. Dementia praecox means In 1887, German physician , Emile Kraepelin, was the first person to classify the illness as a mental ‘dementia of early life’. disorder. • Kraepelin mistakenly thought that the illness only occurred in young people and that it led to mental deterioration. He was also mistaken on some of the various symptoms and general understanding of schizophrenia as it is known today. • He may have been incorrect about the nature of schizophrenia, but he was the first person to distinguish schizophrenia from other types of illnesses. His work would pave the way for later researchers.

Eugen Bleuler • The word schizophrenia comes from the Greek roots schizo, which means split, and phrena, which means mind. • Bleuler’s term was not meant to convey the idea that those with schizophrenia have a “split mind”. Rather, this term was made to emphasize the fragmented separation between personality, thinking and perception. • Bleuler also divided the symptoms of schizophrenia into two categories: positive and negative symptoms In 1911, Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler, coined the term “schizophrenia” and ironed out Kraepelin’s inconsistent and inaccurate findings about the illness.

What is Schizophrenia? • Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by strange or delusional thinking, hallucinations, paranoia, and poor emotional responses. • Schizophrenia has been an enigmatic illness for much of human history, but recent advances in physiological, psychological, neurological, and genetic science is on the verge of understanding the mystery behind the illness. • The symptoms of schizophrenia are divided into two different categories: This is a self portrait of a person inflicted positive and negative symptoms with schizophrenia. Note the artists distorted sense of reality and self perception

Positive And Negative Symptoms Positive Negative • Hallucinations and paranoia. • Delusions of grandeur, reference, persecution, and control. • Disorganized speech and thinking. • Other types of strange and erratic behaviors. • Depression and reduced pleasure of daily activities. • Lack of facial, social and emotional expression. • Social withdrawal and reduced speech. Positive symptoms deal with that which is present in only a schizophrenics mind. This includes: Negative symptoms involve that which is present in healthy minds as well, but to a higher degree. This includes:

Hallucinations • A hallucination is a sound or other sensation that is experienced, but only in the persons mind • The most common hallucination is experienced through auditory means, such as hearing voices or sounds that do not exist. • These voices often talk about the persons behavior, to themselves, or they may even order the schizophrenic to perform certain actions. These voices tend to be abusive, violent, critical, and are often more so when the schizophrenic is alone. Hallucinations are a frightening part of a schizophrenic's life • Schizophrenics may also see objects or people that aren't there, smell odors that nobody else detects, and feel things touching them when nobody is near.

Delusions • The delusion of grandeur is the belief that one is an important or historical figure such as Napoleon or Albert Einstein. They often believe that they have powers that nobody else has, such as the ability to read minds or fly. • The delusion of persecution is the belief that something is out to get them. This often involves bizarre plots such as evil platypuses from Saturn being intent on stealing their tap water, or aliens planning on abducting them. • The delusion of reference is the belief that a normal event or object in the world specifically happened or was made for them. This can include TV Delusional thinking is a common symptom of schizophrenia. The four types messages or advertisements that they believe are targeted only for them. of delusions are: grandeur, persecution, reference, and control. A delusion is a belief that is believed to be true, but is considered false by others due to evidence or claims from others that contradict the belief. • The delusion of control is the belief that one’s thoughts and actions are being controlled by outside forces, such as aliens or the CIA

Disorganized Speech and Behavior Speech Behavior • Perseveration- repetition of words and statements and rapid shifting of topics with no connection to the next. • Clang- unnecessary overuse of words that rhyme. • Schizophrenics sometimes have fragmented Neologisms- made up phrases or and sometimes bizarre patterns of speech. words that have meaning only to This can include what they say and how they the schizophrenic. say it. • Decline in functioning • Unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses. • Lack of impulse control • Erratic and bizarre decisions Schizophrenia causes a dangerous disruption in one’s behaviors. This Includes:

Negative Symptoms • Schizophrenics may have a flat facial expression when they speak and often have a dull and monotonous voice. • May have symptoms of depression such as a lack of pleasure in everyday life or inability to sustain friendships and activities. Negative Symptoms are those that are present in • May have difficulties with speech and maintaining a conversation. people without schizophrenia, but that schizophrenics have to a much higher degree. This often includes depression and other emotional and social problems • May have a lack of emotional and social expression. • Although the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are technically not as severe as the positive symptoms, they are actually more responsible for giving the schizophrenic a low quality of life due to their difficulties contributing to society and the fact that negative symptoms are much harder to treat than the positive symptoms.

Causes of Schizophrenia • The true cause of the illness is still a mystery, however, physiological, psychological, neurological, and genetic science is closer than ever before at unlocking the secrets of schizophrenia. • There are many theory’s on the cause of the illness, but the following are the most agreed upon amongst researchers. The temporal lobes are responsible for hearing, The Frontal Lobe, responsible for controlling Note the abnormal levels of activity in the memory, and speech perception, and are seen here as reasoning and speech, has a reduced level of schizophrenic brain as compared to a healthy also having reduced levels of activity. This is one of activity and blood flow. brain. theory's on the causes of the symptoms of the illness.

Genetic and Neurochemical Causes • Schizophrenia can be passed down through families and those who have a close relative with schizophrenia are more likely to develop the illness. • Those with schizophrenia are more likely to develop rare genetic mutations and this involves hundreds of genes • An imbalance in neurotransmitters known as dopamine and glutamate, substances in the brain that allow communication between cells, may lead to many of the symptoms of schizophrenia. nd • The deletion of the 22 human chromosome, the chromosome responsible for allowing the brain to produce important chemicals that assist with functioning skills, may lead to deficient neural activity, thus leading to schizophrenia. Although the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are often associated with areas of the brain such as the frontal and temporal lobes, as well as the hippocampus, it is believed that no one region of the brain is responsible for the illness.

Environmental Causes • Prenatal complications such as viral infections and malnutrition, and other stressors can also increase the risk of developing schizophrenia. • Low oxygen levels at birth are a possible cause. • Faulty fetal-neural development involving deficient connections may lie dormant until puberty, when the symptoms start to manifest. • Heavy substance abuse during adolescents can infect brain development, thus leading to schizophrenia. • Fluid filled cavities in the brain called ventricles are larger in a schizophrenic brain than in a non-schizophrenic brain. This can resuklt in deficient brain development

Treatment • Although schizophrenia is currently an incurable illness, it is possible to receive help and medication to manage the symptoms and live a happy life. This can be acomplished with the following methods of treatment. • Antipsychotic, antidepressant and antianxiety medications are very useful in treating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. • The negative symptoms can be treated through educating loved ones about the illness and attending different types of therapy sessions in order to find ways to live with schizophrenia and live a happy fulfilling life.

Myths and Facts about Schizophrenia Myths Facts • Schizophrenia is a rare illness. • The lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia is 1 in 100. • People suffering from schizophrenia are dangerous. • • Treatment of the illness is impossible. Hallucinations and delusional thoughts may lead to violence, but most schizophrenics are not a danger to others. • Schizophrenia means one has a split personality or multiple personalities. • Long term treatment may be required, but many people are eventually able to cope with the illness and live happily. • Schizophrenia is an entirely different illness than multiple personality disorder. Schizophrenics are merely “split” off from reality.

Image Sources • Slide 2 - http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus • Slide 3 - http: //tmsredmentalhealth 1800. d 20 blogs. org/ http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Insanity • Slide 4 - http: //chatafrik. com/special/ideas-that-made-the-world/emil-kraepelin-men-of-ideas#. U 3 Y-nd. Jd. WSo • Slide 5 - https: //forbiddenhistories. wordpress. com/tag/kurt-godel/ • Slide 6 - http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Schizophrenia • Slide 8 - http: //wellingtonretreat. com/2013/07/adolescent-psychosis/ http: //www. hongkiat. com/blog/creative-public-awareness-ads/ • Slide 9 - http: //drgrantmullen. com/q-a-forums/schizophrenia/ • Slide 11 - http: //www. recovery. org/topics/bipolar-disorder/ • Slide 12 - http: //brain. oxfordjournals. org/content/122/4/593. full • Slide 13 - http: //www. cumc. columbia. edu/publications/press_releases/schizophrenia-micro. RNAs. html

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