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®©s[LRi. VèNRPVLiµy. Li ELECTROLYTIC CELL n GALVANIC/VOLTAIC CELL n SALT BRIDGE n ELECTRODE POTENTIAL n Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 4

NON - ELECTROLYTES Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 5

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RESISTANCE Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 7

CONDUCTANCE-SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 8

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THEORIES OF ELECRTOLYTES n n n 1. ARRHENIUS THEORY OF ELECTROLYTIC DISSOCIATION 2. OSTWALD DILUTION LAW 3. DEBYE-HUCKEL AND ONSAGAR THEORY OF STRONG ELECTROLYTES Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 15

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Peter Debye 1936 – the Nobel Prize for Chemistry Commissionerate of of Collegiate Education 22

Erich Huckel Lars Onsager Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 23

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KOHLRAUSCH Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 26

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n Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 30

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Application of Kohlrausch law – Determination of Dissociation constant Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 34

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TRANSPORT NUMBER Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 36

HITTORF METHOD Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 37

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HCl – Na. OH Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 40

CH 3 COOH - Na. OH Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 41

STRONG ACID –WEAK BASE Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 42

Weak Acid – Weak Base Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 43

PRECIPITATION TITRATIONS Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 44

COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 45

ELECTROLYTIC CELL Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 46

ELECTROLYTIC CELL Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 47

Alessandro Volta - Luigi Galvani Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 48

DANIELL Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 49

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In this reaction: Zn(s) g Zn 2+(aq)+ 2 e. Oxidation Cu 2+(aq) +2 e- g Cu(s) Reduction ---------------------2+ 2+ Commissionerate of Collegiate Education Zn(s) + Cu (aq) Zn (aq) +Cu(s) 51

n Oxidation: Zn(s) / Zn+2(aq) ; E° = - 0. 76 V n. Reduction: Cu+2(aq)/ Cu(s ; E° = + 0. 34 V E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode = + 0. 34 = 1. 1 V - ( - 0. 76 ) Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 52

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STANDARED HYDROGEN ELCTRODE Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 55

Other Voltaic Cell Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 56

Zn (s) Zn+2 (aq)(1. 0 M) Pt(s) ANODE H+(aq) (1. 0 M), H 2(g, 1 atm) CATHODE Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

n n n Zn(s) + 2 H+ (aq) Anode: Zn Zn+2(aq) + H 2(g) Zn+2 + 2 e- Cathode: 2 H+ + 2 e- Zn (s) Zn+2 (aq)(1. 0 M) H 2(g, 1 atm) H 2 (g) H+(aq) (1. 0 M), Pt(s) Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 58

CALOMEL ELECTRODE Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 59

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ELECTRODE POTENTIAL Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 61

n Standard Reduction Potential of Zn electrode = - 0. 76 V Standard Oxidation Potential of Zn electrode = + 0. 76 V Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 62

n Standard Reduction Potential of Cu electrode = + 0. 337 V Standard Oxidation Potential of Cu electrode = - 0. 337 V Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 63

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Li = - 3. 05 V (Anode) Zn = - 0. 76 V ( Cathode) -------------------------Zn = - 0. 76 V (Anode) Cu = + 0. 34 V ( Cathode) ……………………… Cu = + 0. 34 V (Anode ) Ag = + 0. 80 V ( Cathode) n Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 65

n F 2 / F - - F / F 2 = = Easy Difficult Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 66

n Zn + Cu S 04 Cu + Zn SO 4 + Cu ? Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 67

n n Zn + 2 HCl Cu + 2 H Cl Zn Cl 2 + H 2 ? Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 68

WALTHER NERNST Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 69

Nernst equation for Cationic / metallic Electrode n n n Mn+ + n e- M E = E 0 + 2. 303 RT / n. F. log C E = E 0 - 0. 059 / n. Log C Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 70

Nernst equation for Anionic / Non metallic Electrode A + n e- An- E = E 0 - 2. 303 RT / n. F. log C E = E 0 - 0. 059 / n. Log C Commissionerate of Collegiate Education 71