COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT FIRST 3 YEARS INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (FIRST 3 YEARS). INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD.

EARLY SENSORY INTEGRATION. New way of looking at learning and behavior. Sense? Sensation? ? Integration? ? ? Sensory integration? ? Sensory integration in life. ? ? ?

WHAT IS SENSE l SENSE ¡ of is the organ or part the body gathering information regarding environment and position of the body in the environment.

WHAT IS SENSATION l SENSATION ARE THE ENERGIES that stimulate nerve cells and initiates neural processes. l SENSATION are food of brain.

WHAT IS SENSATION l Sensation may be ORGANIZED: tells the brain what the body is doing and brain in turns tell body what to do. UNORGANIZED: remains unrecognized and undigested.

WHAT IS SENSATION l ORGANIZED INFO makes brain to perform neural processes (locates, sorts, order). Thus to develop neural function. (perception, learning and behavior).

WHAT IS SENSATION Functions in response to sensation are the sum of physical objects/ activities environment and interaction thoughts and memories/ (mental processes).

WHAT IS INTEGRATION l To organize. l Bring together. l Making part in to whole. l Making info meaningful.

WHAT IS SENSORY INTEGRATION. l New way to understand learning and behavior. l Organization l Causes of sensation for purpose. occurance of behavior and learning.

SENSORY INTEGRATION IN LIFE. l starts in womb. l si is required for physical development in early life. l genes provide baseline but SI develops by interacting and adapting through environment.

l Until 7 years child is more sensory processing machine with no abstract thoughts. l Child get sensation of body movement and adaptive responses are more physical l Later on development is more mental and social responses rather than (sensori-motor) based upon sensori motor learning.

SENSORY INTEGRATION IN LIFE. l childhood play has an important role. SI during moving, talking and play is basis of SI required for reading, writing and good behavior. l Think of a child reading a book. The activity has both physical and mental relationship.

SENSORY INTEGRATION IN LIFE. l SI is fun for children, as achievement always produces satisfaction and thus brings fun in life.

CONCEPTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. How children develop cognitively in first 3 years, can be explained by

CONCEPTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. How children develop cognitively in first 3 years, can be explained by BEHAVIORIST APPROACH.

CONCEPTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. How children develop cognitively in first 3 years, can be explained by BEHAVIORIST APPROACH. PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH

CONCEPTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. How children develop cognitively in first 3 years, can be explained by BEHAVIORIST APPROACH. PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH PIAGETION APPROACH. INFORMATION PROCESSINGAPPROACH

CONCEPTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. How children develop cognitively in first 3 years, can be explained by BEHAVIORIST APPROACH. PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH PIAGETION APPROACH. INFORMATION PROCESSING APROACH COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE APROACH

CONCEPTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. How children develop cognitively in first 3 years, can be explained by BEHAVIORIST APPROACH. PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH PIAGETION APPROACH. INFORMATION PROCESSING APROACH COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE APROACH SOCIAL CONTEXTUAL APPROACH.

CONCEPTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. How children develop cognitively in first 3 years, can be explained by BEHAVIORIST APPROACH. PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH PIAGETION APPROACH. INFORMATION PROCESSING APROACH COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE APROACH SOCIAL CONTEXTUAL APPROACH. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT.

CONCEPTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. l BEHAVIORIST APPROACH:

BEHAVIORIST APPROACH: There is an inborn ability to learn from their environment using their senses.

BEHAVIORIST APPROACH: There is an inborn ability to learn from their environment using their senses. Learning occur through process of classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

BEHAVIORIST APPROACH: (senses and memory) There is an inborn ability to learn from their environment using their senses. Learning occur through process of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. what young children learn can memorize, however retention time is shorter. They can repeat the action if they are made to experience the same situation.

CONCEPTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH: intelligence enables person to acquire, remember, and use knowledge to develop relationships and solve problems.

PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH: Children shows cognitive development through “intelligent behavior which is goal oriented and adaptive. ”

PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH: During first 3 years cognition develops as child improves his performance in daily activities.

PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH: During first 3 years cognition develops as child improves his performance in daily activities. (Normal or above normal cognition in infants and toddlers is series of tasks what large number of infants and toddlers can perform at certain age).

CONCEPTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT l PIAGETIAN APPROACH: (stages of development)

PIAGETIAN APPROACH: Babies learn sensory integration, coordinate senses and organize activities to adapt. Cognition develop by organization, adaptation and equilibration.

PIAGETIAN APPROACH: ORGANIZATION: l Tendency to use knowledge or way of thinking in a systematic way (SCHEME) and incorporates it with reality. l Schemes enable the child to think about and behave in a particular situation and get more and more complex with acquiring more information.

PIAGETIAN APPROACH: ADAPTATION: how to handle new information in the light of what already known through 2 processes: • Assimilation (using or transforming the environment so that it can be placed in preexisting cognitive structures). • Accomodation (changing cognitive structures in order to accept something from the environment).

PIAGETIAN APPROACH: l There is a constant shift from assimilation to accommodation to maintain a stable balance or equilibrium.

PIAGETIAN APPROACH: Development in first 3 years occurs in steps. 1 stage comprised of inborn reflexes. 2 stage, babies learn to repeat actions. 3 stage, manipulation of objects.

PIAGETIAN APPROACH: 4 stage, development of secondary schemes. 5 stage, begin to experiment. 6 stage, development of mental combinations.

PIAGETIAN APPROACH: In early childhood cognitive development is sensory motor development through sensory integration. Cognition develops from reflex actions to goal oriented behavior.

PIAGETIAN APPROACH: In First 3 years child can Differentiates self from objects Recognises self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally: e. g. pulls a string to set mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make a noise Achieves object permanence: realises that things continue to exist even when no longer present to the sense. Understands spatial concepts (relationship between object and space).

CONCEPTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT l THE INFORMATION – PROCESSING APPROACH:

THE INFORMATION – PROCESSING APPROACH: It describes cognitive development through mental processes involved in cognitive functions by elaborating the ideas of former two approaches. Explains the development in first 3 years in terms of habituation, and early perceptual and processing abilities.

THE INFORMATION – PROCESSING APPROACH: HABITUATION: children ability to stop giving response to familiar stimulus. Transformation of novel to familiar increases as infants grow. Provides the foundation of exploration, problem solving, sophisticated play and picture matching.

THE INFORMATION – PROCESSING APPROACH: EARLY PERCEPTUAL N PROCESSING ABILITIES: Visual preference (ability to make visual distinctions). Visual recognition memory (depicted by behavior of looking longer at new objects).

THE INFORMATION – PROCESSING APPROACH: It also provides concept of object permanence, number and casualty, as in Piaget but occurs earlier than described by Piaget. These concepts develop under theory of violation of expectations.

CONCEPTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE APPROACH: Cognition develops as brain matures and develops.

COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE APPROACH: Different parts are involved in improving memory to improve learning.

CONCEPTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL CONTEXTUAL APPROACH: Early social interaction promotes the cognitive competence.

SOCIAL CONTEXTUAL APPROACH: Guided participation from adults improves the childs understanding.

SOCIAL CONTEXTUAL APPROACH: Various cultures have different ways to interact with children.

CONCEPTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: Cognition develops as the communication system based on words and grammar develops.

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: Language development shows how all aspects of development interact.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING FIRST 3 YEARS. From infancy on, personality development is interlinked with social relationships. Child is born with some emotions which form the basis of psychosocial development.

l EMOTIONS are subjective reactions to experience related to physiological and behavioral changes.

l Emotions help the child to:

l Emotions Ø react help the child to:

l Emotions react Ø regulate Ø help the child to:

l Emotions help the child to: react Ø Regulate Ø communicate Ø

l Emotions help the child to: react Ø Regulate Ø Communicate Ø Act in emergencies (fear and surprize) Ø

l Emotions help the child to: react Ø Regulate Ø Communicate Ø Act in emergencies (fear and surprize) Ø Explore environment (excitement and interest) Ø

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING FIRST 3 YEARS. EARLY SIGNS OF EMOTIONS: CRYING: basic way to communicate in infants. There are four patterns of crying. Hunger cry. Angry cry. Pain cry. Frustration cry. 1.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING FIRST 3 YEARS. SMILING AND LAUGHING: another way of communication. Spontaneous faint smiles (soon after birth) Smile after a feeding (second week) smiling occurs with visualizing adults responses (By 3 week).

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING FIRST 3 YEARS. smile becomes social and shows visual recognition (after a month). laughing out loud in response (By 4 months). giggle with unusual sounds (6 months). laughs with their own actions (By 10 months).

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BY ERIKSON. Personality development occurs in stages Each stage is struggle between positive and negative outcomes. Child may develop a crisis or virtue/ strength after the completion of each stage.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BY ERIKSON. DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES IN INFANCY: Developing trust. Developing attachments. Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BY ERIKSON. 0 -18 MONTHS (INFANCY) TRUST/ MISTRUST Is my world predictable and supportive? ?

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BY ERIKSON. l Children develop a sense of trust/, when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust. l Child feels that world is predictable and reliable place.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BY ERIKSON. Developing attachments. l Attachement is reciprocal between child and caregiver. l This attachement promotes baby survival.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BY ERIKSON. Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety. This behavior starts by 8 months and is relevant to cognitive development. (object permanence, visual distinction, memory for face and ability to recall)

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING FIRST 3 YEARS. INFLUENCE OF EARLIEST SOCIAL EXPERIENCES: Mother role. Father role.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING FIRST 3 YEARS. Self awareness: child starts developing cognitive ability to recognize self/ abilities and consider different from others. dev of I self (birth– 15 mths) Dev of me self (15 -30 mths). Abilities to control over environment.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BY ERIKSON. l 2 -3 YEARS: AUTONOMY/ SHAME AND DOUBT Can I do it my self or will I always need help? ?

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BY ERIKSON. l Untill now child has developed

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BY ERIKSON. Untill now child has developed Ø Trust on the world.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BY ERIKSON. Untill now child has developed Ø Trust on the world. Ø Self awareness.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BY ERIKSON. Untill now child has developed Ø Trust on the world. Ø Self awareness. Ø Some will

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BY ERIKSON. Untill now child has developed Ø Trust on the world. Ø Self awareness. Ø Some will Ø Language and can express.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BY ERIKSON. l Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. l Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT BY IN FIRST 3 YEARS. l Time to start saying NO and refuse authority. (egocentrism by piaget) l Time to show abilities but also told limitations. l Role of parents is very important to develop self control.

l parents encourage their child's use of initiative and reassure her when she makes mistakes, the child will develop the confidence needed to cope with future situations that require choice, control, and independence.

l If parents are overprotective, or disapproving of the child's acts of independence, she may begin to feel ashamed of her behavior, or have too much doubt of her abilities

l If the parents are stubborn to control the egocentrism/ refusal or compromised/ bargained to help children to learn self control.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING FIRST 3 YEARS. Developing a conscience. Starts with compliance with parents. Developing habits, values, skills and motives to feel productive and socially acceptable. Later on internalization develops (superego by freud).

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING FIRST 3 YEARS. Developing self regulation: by 2 years child has the ability not to do anything when told.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING FIRST 3 YEARS. l Contact with other children: starts with interaction with siblings and learning of how to behave help to act appropriately outside the home. l Development of conflicts is positive to recognise others needs, point of views, and compromise.