Cognitive development Section 4 26 Quiz 1 What
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Cognitive development Section 4. 26
Quiz. 1. What do the ‘visual cliff’ experiments tell us about babies’ visual perception? 2. What is a ‘schema’ in Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development? 3. What is ‘theory of mind’? 4. What is ‘object permanence’? 5. Do infants know about gravity?
Cognitive Development. Q: What do kids know at different ages? • How do we find out what they know? (Methods) • What do we think they know? (Theories) • What do they seem to know? (Results)
Methods (infants) • Play studies – Kids do the darnedest things! • Habituation – Get infant bored, then look for the infant to regain interest • Eye-tracking – Find out where children are looking • High-amplitude sucking • ERP
Habituation
Sample habituation data How long infants look habituation dishabituation no dishabituation
Eye-tracking What the infant sees Scene camera Eye close-up
Infant ERP
Theories of development • Nativism vs Empiricism • Piaget • Pre-Piagetian knowledge.
Theories of development Nativism • Infants are born with rich knowledge of the structure of the world • Core knowledge includes knowledge about events and objects Empiricism/ (~Constructivism) • Infants are born into a “blooming, buzzing confusion” • Must discover the structure of the world by perceptual and motor experience
Piaget’s Scheme • Schemas: frameworks in which to organize information • Assimilation: making information fit into a pre-set schema. • Accomodation: changing a schema to account for new information. • Development is articulation (refinement) and differentiation (like speciation in evolution) of schemas.
Piaget’s stages 1. Sensorimotor: 0 -2 (children experience the world through movement and senses and learn object permanence) 2. Preoperational stage: 2 -7 (acquisition of motor skills) 3. Concrete operational: 7 -11 (children begin to think logically about concrete events conservation!) 4. Formal operational: 11+ (development of abstract reasoning)
(false) Dichotomy of development Empiricism Babies are dumb. They slowly learn things. Piaget
Early competence (Meltzoff) • Subtle measurements of infants (ref. methods from before) • Nearly newborns know – How to imitate – Object permanence – Conservation of quantity, mass – Gravity and support
(false) Dichotomy of development Empiricism Babies are dumb. They slowly learn things. Piaget Nativism Babies know stuff… Important knowledge is innate Meltzoff, Baillargeon, Spelke
What are the tasks of interest? • Physical knowledge – Object permanence – (Object permanence as occlusion) – Object permanence and concreteness – Containment/Covering • Social knowledge – Theory of mind. • What is Innate? Learned? Learnable?
Object permanence
But what do young children know? habituation test
More object permanence
Knowing about matter. solidity
Early knowledge of events Occlusion violation Containment violation Covering violation
More knowledge of events
Theory of Mind • The “theory” that others have goals, beliefs, and desires • Young children make mistakes in reasoning about others’ beliefs • Piaget called this “egocentrism” (inability to take others’ perspective)
Sally-Ann Task Sally puts cookies in the basket. She leaves. Anne moves the cookies to the box. Sally comes back. Where will she first look for the cookies? (up until ~4 years, children say “box”)
Early theory of mind Onishi & Baillargeon, 2005
Very early theory of mind? New goal and path New goal New path
Piagetian conservation tasks
Object occlusion (training core knowledge)
Object occlusion: Data
Object occlusion: Data You can train 4 mos to perceive occlusion earlier!
More training of core knowledge
Shape bias training
Shape bias results
What are the tasks of interest? • Physical knowledge – Object permanence – (Object permanence as occlusion) – Object permanence and concreteness – Containment/Covering • Social knowledge – Theory of mind. • What is Innate? Learned? Learnable?
Delay of gratification? • 4 year olds get one cookie, wait 20 min with parent. • If they don’t eat it, they get another at the end. • How many points on the SAT (taken at age 18) did the Do. G test predict?
Delay of gratification
Delay of gratification
Discussion: how much is too much? Should we try to “pump up” kids’ cognitive development with products like Baby Einstein?
In animals? A clear plastic bowl was placed within reach of the ape by putting it halfway under the bottom of the ape's cage. The bowl was situated so that the experimenter could place chocolate pieces into the bowl from the outside of the ape's cage, and so that the ape could pull the bowl into the cage at any time during the trial. The experimenter (the author) had a second bowl that contained 20 chocolate pieces. He picked up chocolate pieces from his bowl and placed them into the ape's bowl, one at a time, until either all 20 pieces had been transferred into the ape's bowl or until the ape pulled its bowl into the cage and consumed the chocolate pieces.
- Theory of mind
- Cognitive and non cognitive religious language
- Vocabulary activity 4-2 personal development
- Cognitive development in middle adulthood
- Physical development in adulthood
- Late childhood cognitive development
- Module 47 infancy and childhood cognitive development
- Intellectual development in later adulthood
- Cognitive learning theory by jerome bruner
- Information processing theory child development
- Postformal thought
- Piaget equilibrium
- Intellectual development characteristics
- Piaget information processing theory
- Information processing theory of cognitive development
- Cognitive ocr
- Cognitive development in middle adulthood
- Labouvie-vief pragmatic thought
- Bandura theory
- Cognitive development schema
- Conclusion of piaget's theory
- Early childhood is __________ for language learning
- Psicometric chart
- Conclusion of cognitive development
- Cognitive theory child development
- Piaget's preoperational stage
- Define physical cognitive and psychosocial development
- Bruner's theory of cognitive development
- Scaffolding piaget
- Information processing theory of dreams
- Language development in middle childhood
- Labouvie-vief pragmatic thought
- Features of cognitive development
- Psychsim 5 cognitive development
- Piaget ve vygotsky dil gelişim karşılaştırılması
- Lev semenovich vygotsky theory
- Preoperational stage
- 3 stages of prenatal development
- Jean piaget theory
- Cognitive development