CHAPTER 5 Cognitive Development in Infancy Lecture prepared

CHAPTER 5 Cognitive Development in Infancy Lecture prepared by Dr. M. Sawhney

JEAN PIAGET

COGNITIVE PROCESSES Schemes Assimilation Accommodation Cognitive Equilibrium

SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (0 -2 YRS) Secondary Circular Reactions First Habits & primary Circular reactions Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions

SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (0 -2 YRS) Internalization of Schemes http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. Q 64 R 0 KKssc Tertiary Circulatory Reactions

OBJECT PERMANENCE Object permanence: Understanding that objects and events continue to exist: when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched No understanding under 4 months https: //www. youtube. com/ watch? v=NCd. LNu. P 7 OA 8

CRITICISM OF PIAGET’S SENSORIMOTOR STAGE The A-not B error Perceptual Development and Expectations Nature Vs. Nurture Issue

ATTENTION Attention Orienting and Investigative Process �Habituation & Dishabituation �Joint Attention

MEMORY Memory �Implicit memory �Explicit memory �Infantile amnesia �http: //www. youtub e. com/watch? v=e e 3 MFixi. Xwc

IMITATION If an adult smiles, will the baby respond with a smile? Imitative ability is not hardwired response http: //www. youtub e. com/watch? v=k 2 Ydk. Q 1 G 5 QI Deferred imitation

CONCEPT FORMATION AND CATEGORIZATION Concept Formation: � Grouping of similar objects, events, people or ideas �Perceptual Categorization �Conceptual Categorization �gradual shift from perceptual to conceptual categorization in toddlerhood

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND ASSESSMENT Measures of infant development Predicting intelligence Gisell Test : Developmental quotient, score that combines subscores in 4 categories. Bayley Scales of Infant Development: Used to assess infant behaviour and predict later development Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence evaluates an infant’s ability to process information

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Defining Language: A form of communication, spoken, written or signed, that is based on a system of symbols. It consists of the words used by a community and the rules for varying and combining them.

BASIC PROPERTIES OF LANGUAGE All human languages : spoken signed written Consists Infinite of : generativity Organizational rules

LANGUAGE RULE SYSTEMS Phonology: batter vs. badder Morphology: Happy, Unhappy, Happiness Syntax: “Today we are going to complete this chapter” “To chapter we this going are complete today” Semantics : The bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy bar. Pragmatics “The dog bite resulted in infection”

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Recognizing language sounds Babbling and vocalizations other Crying Cooing Babbling Gestures Showing and pointing

STARTING TO TALK First words: � Receptive Vocabulary � Spoken Vocabulary Underextension Overextension Two-word utterances: telegraphic copies speech adult word pairings Gradually generalizes to grammatical rules

BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES IN LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Regions involved language Broca’s area Wernicke’s area in

THEORIES OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Theories of Nativist Perspective: Children are biologically predisposed to learn a language Language Device � universal Acquisition grammar � infinite generativity

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES Behaviorist approach Interaction view - Children learn language in specific contexts Vocabulary development is linked to: Family’s socioeconomic status � Type of talk that parents direct to their children � � Child-directed speech: Higher pitch than normal, with simple words and sentences

INTERACTIONIST VIEW Interaction view - interaction between capacities and environmental influences inner social-interactionist view: emphasizes social skills and language experiences http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=G 2 XBIk. HW 954