Chapter 4 Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Body Growth § § Gain 50% in height from birth to age 1; 75%

Growth Trends Cephalocaudal § § “Head to tail” Lower part of body grows later

Growth During First Two Years Figure 5. 1 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Epiphyses of the Bone Figure 5. 2 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All

The Skull at Birth Figure 5. 3 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All

Brain Development Figure 5. 4 § Human brain has 100 to 200 billion neurons

Major Milestones of Brain Development Figure 5. 5 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Regions of the Cerebral Cortex Figure 5. 8

Lateralization and Plasticity of the Cerebral Cortex Specialization of the left and right hemispheres

Brain Plasticity Insights § Injuries to the cerebral cortex occurring before birth or in

Brain Development in Orphanage Children Figure 5. 9

Appropriate Stimulation Experience-expectant growth Experience-dependent growth n © Andres Rodriguez | Dreamstime. com .

Influences on Early Growth Heredity Nutrition § Breast v. bottle feeding § Malnutrition Emotional

Benefits of Breastfeeding § Correct fat–protein balance § Nutritionally complete § Promotes healthy growth

Emotional Well-Being Affection is as vital as food for healthy physical growth. Non-organic failure

The Sequence of Motor Development Gross-motor development n Crawling, standing, walking Fine-motor development n

Gross- and Fine-Motor Development in the First Two Years

Motor Skills as Dynamic Systems Increasingly complex systems of action with each skill Four

Cultural Variations in Motor Development Home environments and infant rearing practices affect motor development.

Milestones of Reaching Figure 5. 14 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights

The Steps of Classical Conditioning Figure 5. 10 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Operant Conditioning Terms Reinforcer Punishment Increases probability Reduces probability of behavior occurring again n

Using Habituation to Study Infants Figure 5. 11

Imitation § Imitation is a powerful method of learning. § It is more difficult

Imitation by Human and Chimpanzee Newborns Figure 5. 12 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,

Developments in Hearing p. 140 starts 4– 7 months Sense of musical phrasing “Screen

Improvements in Vision Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision skills. ©

Steps in Pattern Perception § Poor contrast sensitivity 3 weeks § Prefer large simple

Appearance of Checkerboards to Very Young Infants Figure 5. 17 Copyright © 2012 Pearson

Subjective Boundaries in Visual Patterns Figure 5. 18 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Early Face Perception Figure 5. 19 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights

Testing Infants’ Ability to Perceive Object Unity Figure 5. 20 Copyright © 2012 Pearson

Acting on the Environment Plays a Major Role in Perceptual Differentiation Figure 5. 21

Slides: 34

Download presentation

Chapter 4 Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood.

Body Growth § § Gain 50% in height from birth to age 1; 75% by age 2 Grow in spurts Gain “baby fat” until about 9 months, then get slimmer Girls slightly shorter and lighter than boys, some ethnic differences

Growth Trends Cephalocaudal § § “Head to tail” Lower part of body grows later than the head Proximodistal § § “Near to far” Extremities grow later than head, chest, and trunk Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Brain Development Figure 5. 4 § Human brain has 100 to 200 billion neurons that store/transmit information § At birth, brain closest to adult size than any other physical structure (@ 75%)

Regions of the Cerebral Cortex Figure 5. 8

Lateralization and Plasticity of the Cerebral Cortex Specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the brain is called lateralization. n Left hemisphere: specializes in language; positive emotion n Right hemisphere: non-speech sounds, negative emotion; spatial Highly plastic cerebral cortex, many areas are not yet committed to one function

Brain Plasticity Insights § Injuries to the cerebral cortex occurring before birth or in the first 6 months, language delays persisted to about 3½ years of age. § By age 5, the children caught up in grammatical and vocabulary skills; undamaged area of the brain—either hemisphere—take over the language function. § Spatial skills showed more impairment after a brain injury, likely because spatial processing is more lateralized at birth. § Brain plasticity can occur later in adulthood (e. g. , in stroke victims).

Brain Development in Orphanage Children Figure 5. 9

Appropriate Stimulation Experience-expectant growth Experience-dependent growth n © Andres Rodriguez | Dreamstime. com .

Influences on Early Growth Heredity Nutrition § Breast v. bottle feeding § Malnutrition Emotional well-being § © Dean Mitchell | Dreamstime. com Problems can cause failure to thrive

Benefits of Breastfeeding § Correct fat–protein balance § Nutritionally complete § Promotes healthy growth patterns § Disease protection § Better jaw and tooth development § Ensures digestibility § Easier transition to solid food

Emotional Well-Being Affection is as vital as food for healthy physical growth. Non-organic failure to thrive: weight, height, and head circumference are substantially below agerelated growth norms. n n Infants are withdrawn and apathetic. Often a result of disturbed parent–child relationship Unhappy marriage or parental psychological disturbance may be at fault. May cause lasting cognitive and emotional difficulties

The Sequence of Motor Development Gross-motor development n Crawling, standing, walking Fine-motor development n Reaching and grasping © Felix Mizioznikov | Dreamstime. com Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Gross- and Fine-Motor Development in the First Two Years

Motor Skills as Dynamic Systems Increasingly complex systems of action with each skill Four factors in each new skill: © Alberalber | Dreamstime. com

Cultural Variations in Motor Development Home environments and infant rearing practices affect motor development. n Some cultures discourage rapid motor progress. n Kipsigis of Kenya and the West Indians of Jamaica teach early motor skills. n Western parents consider crawling and “tummy time” essential, but not all cultures do.

Operant Conditioning Terms Reinforcer Punishment Increases probability Reduces probability of behavior occurring again n Presenting unpleasant n Presenting desirable stimulus n Removing desirable n Removing unpleasant stimulus

Using Habituation to Study Infants Figure 5. 11

Imitation § Imitation is a powerful method of learning. § It is more difficult to induce in babies 2 to 3 months old than right after birth. § Andrew Meltzoff: Newborns imitate as much as older children and adults. § Mirror neurons enable us to observe another person’s behavior while simulating that behavior in our own brain. § Meltzoff’s theory of newborn imitation as a voluntary capacity is controversial.

Developments in Hearing p. 140 starts 4– 7 months Sense of musical phrasing “Screen out” sounds from non-native 6– 8 months languages Divide the speech stream into word 7– 9 months like units 10 months Can detect words that start with weak syllables Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Improvements in Vision Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision skills. © Mitja Mladkovic | Dreamstime. com 2– 4 months: focus and color vision 6 months: acuity, scanning, and tracking 6– 7 months: depth perception Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Steps in Pattern Perception § Poor contrast sensitivity 3 weeks § Prefer large simple patterns § Can detect fine-grained detail 2 months § Prefer complex patterns § Can detect patterns even if 4 months boundaries are not really present § Can detect objects if two-thirds 12 months of drawing is missing Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.