Chapter 4 Lecture The Cultural Landscape Eleventh Edition

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Chapter 4 Lecture The Cultural Landscape Eleventh Edition Folk and Popular Culture Matthew Cartlidge

Chapter 4 Lecture The Cultural Landscape Eleventh Edition Folk and Popular Culture Matthew Cartlidge University of Nebraska-Lincoln © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Key Issues • Where are folk and popular leisure activities distributed? • Where are

Key Issues • Where are folk and popular leisure activities distributed? • Where are folk and popular material culture distributed? • Why is access to folk and popular culture unequal? • Why do folk and popular culture face sustainability challenges? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Culture Definitions • Cultural landscape – the visible imprint of human activity and culture

Culture Definitions • Cultural landscape – the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the physical landscape (otherwise known as built environment) • Cultural identity – One’s feeling of belonging to a certain cultural group • Cultural hearth - an area where new ideas and innovations spring up and spread to other parts of the world. – Modern cultural hearths are urban areas like New York City, Paris, London and Tokyo. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Early Cultural Hearths © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Early Cultural Hearths © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

KEY ISSUE 1: WHERE ARE FOLK AND POPULAR LEISURE ACTIVITIES DISTRIBUTED? © 2014 Pearson

KEY ISSUE 1: WHERE ARE FOLK AND POPULAR LEISURE ACTIVITIES DISTRIBUTED? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where Are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities Distributed? • How culture influences behavior -

Where Are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities Distributed? • How culture influences behavior - the difference between habit and custom: 1. Habit is a repetitive act performed by an individual. – One college student wears jeans when the rest wear dress pants. 2. Custom is a repetitive act performed by a group. – All college students wear jeans. • Habit is a personal phenomenon while custom is a social phenomenon © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Habits -> Customs -> Culture • All of a group’s customs come together to

Habits -> Customs -> Culture • All of a group’s customs come together to form a culture – Like a patchwork quilt – College students wear jeans, drink Starbucks coffee, eat pizza, and listen to hip hop music Culture © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Custom Habit

What is culture? Types of culture: 1. Material culture: – Survival culture – food,

What is culture? Types of culture: 1. Material culture: – Survival culture – food, clothing, shelter – Leisure culture – the arts and recreation 2. Non-material culture: – Religious beliefs, political views, language, values © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Folk Culture and Popular Culture • Folk Culture – traditionally practiced among small, homogeneous

Folk Culture and Popular Culture • Folk Culture – traditionally practiced among small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas • Popular Culture – found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain customs despite differences in other personal characteristics © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Characteristics of Folk and Popular Culture 1. Origin • Folk Culture – Often in

Characteristics of Folk and Popular Culture 1. Origin • Folk Culture – Often in less developed countries – Unknown hearth and date • Popular Culture – Product of developed countries – Known hearth and date – often a specific person or corporation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Characteristics of Folk and Popular Culture 2. Diffusion • Folk Culture – Smaller scale

Characteristics of Folk and Popular Culture 2. Diffusion • Folk Culture – Smaller scale and slower diffusion – Spreads mostly through relocation diffusion • Popular Culture – Rapid and extensive diffusion – Spreads through hierarchical or contagious diffusion – Technology spreads pop culture rapidly © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Characteristics of Folk and Popular Culture 3. Distribution • Folk Culture – Generally occurs

Characteristics of Folk and Popular Culture 3. Distribution • Folk Culture – Generally occurs in a smaller physical space – Often an isolated location • Popular Culture – Widely distributed across many countries – Main obstacle to access is lack of income to purchase the goods © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Meeting of cultures can result in: 1. Assimilation occurs when the dominant group absorbs

Meeting of cultures can result in: 1. Assimilation occurs when the dominant group absorbs the culture of the minority group and the minority’s culture is lost – This sometimes occurs over several generations 2. Acculturation is where the culture of the dominant group is adopted without losing the traditions and customs of the original culture – The dominant culture is often changed by the minority culture, too © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assimilation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assimilation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Acculturation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Acculturation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Multiculturalism and Monoculturalism • Multiculturalism describes the existence, acceptance, or promotion of multiple cultural

Multiculturalism and Monoculturalism • Multiculturalism describes the existence, acceptance, or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single nation or region – Occurs through immigration or annexation of new regions – United States, Australia, Canada, Brazil, United Kingdom, New Zealand © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 • Monoculturalism is the practice of actively preserving a culture via the exclusion

• Monoculturalism is the practice of actively preserving a culture via the exclusion of external influences – Characterized by racial homogeneity, strong sense of nationalism, geographic isolation, or political isolation (sometimes but not always under a totalitarian regime) – Occurs today in Japan, China, South Korea, North Korea, Netherlands, Denmark, Finland – Hitler’s ultimate goal © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

KEY ISSUE 2: WHERE ARE FOLK AND POPULAR MATERIAL CULTURE DISTRIBUTED? © 2014 Pearson

KEY ISSUE 2: WHERE ARE FOLK AND POPULAR MATERIAL CULTURE DISTRIBUTED? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where Are Folk and Popular Culture Distributed? Folk culture varies more by location than

Where Are Folk and Popular Culture Distributed? Folk culture varies more by location than by time period – You might find a culture unique to a certain group living in a certain area, that has remained unchanged for decades or more Popular culture varies more by time period than by location – Fashions change with the decades but are universal across the U. S. during that decade © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

KEY ISSUE 3: WHY IS ACCESS TO FOLK AND POPULAR CULTURE UNEQUAL? © 2014

KEY ISSUE 3: WHY IS ACCESS TO FOLK AND POPULAR CULTURE UNEQUAL? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? Electronic Diffusion of Popular Culture

Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? Electronic Diffusion of Popular Culture – Principal obstacle to accessing popular culture is lack of access to electronic media. • TV is the most important media format because: 1. Watching TV is most popular leisure activity in the world. 2. TV is most important mechanism for rapidly diffusing popular culture around the world. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? Electronic Diffusion of Popular Culture

Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? Electronic Diffusion of Popular Culture 1. Diffusion of TV: Mid-Twentieth Century • TV technology originated simultaneously in multiple hearths in the early twentieth century: UK, France, Germany, Japan, Soviet Union, and the United States. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? 2. Diffusion of the Internet:

Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? 2. Diffusion of the Internet: Late Twentieth Century • Diffusion follows pattern established by TV but at a more rapid rate. • 1995 – less than 1% of the world’s people had an internet connection • Today – around 46% © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Internet Users by Country, 2016 • • • China – 721, 434, 547 (52%)

Internet Users by Country, 2016 • • • China – 721, 434, 547 (52%) India – 462, 124, 989 (35%) U. S. - 286, 942, 363 (89%) Brazil – 139, 111, 185 (66%) Japan – 115, 111, 185 (91%) • Lowest percentage: Eritrea 1% • Highest percentage: Iceland 100% © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Worldwide diffusion of TV took half a century, while the same diffusion pattern of

Worldwide diffusion of TV took half a century, while the same diffusion pattern of the internet took only a decade. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? 3. Diffusion of Social Media:

Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? 3. Diffusion of Social Media: Twenty-First Century • Same diffusion pattern as TV and Internet © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. – Facebook » 156. 5 million Facebook users in U. S. » 1. 71 billion worldwide – Twitter » 316 million users worldwide today » Top 10 countries by number of Twitter users: USA, Brazil, Japan, UK, Indonesia, India, Mexico, Philippines, Spain, Canada – Snapchat » 150 million users worldwide – You. Tube » 1 billion users each month

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? Challenges in Accessing Electronic Media

Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? Challenges in Accessing Electronic Media 1. External Threat: Developed Countries Control the Media • TV industry is dominated by Japan, UK, and United States. • Leaders of developing countries concerned about American values being imposed on viewers: – Upward social mobility – Freedom for women – Glorification of youth – Stylized violence © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? – News media in developing

Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? – News media in developing countries is dominated by the government, whereas media in the United States is largely owned by private commercial stations. – Many African and Asian government officials criticize freedom of the press in the United States. • Allegedly our media does not convey an accurate view of other countries. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Internal Threat: Social Media • Limiting Access to TV – Satellite dishes enable

2. Internal Threat: Social Media • Limiting Access to TV – Satellite dishes enable people to access information that would otherwise be censored by their governments. • Some governments attempt to limit Internet content including: – Political Content - Opposition to local government – Social Content - Socially sensitive material, such as gambling or sex – Conflict and Security - Armed conflict, border disputes, or militant groups – Internet Tools - Email, Internet hosting, and Internet searches © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

KEY ISSUE 4: WHY DO FOLK AND POPULAR CULTURE FACE SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES? © 2014

KEY ISSUE 4: WHY DO FOLK AND POPULAR CULTURE FACE SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sustainability Challenges for Folk Culture: 1. Increased connection with popular culture makes maintaining centuries-old

Sustainability Challenges for Folk Culture: 1. Increased connection with popular culture makes maintaining centuries-old practices difficult. 2. Impacts of globalization on the landscape creates challenges in maintaining a unique landscape. 3. Global diffusion of popular culture beliefs has challenged the lower status of women that is embedded in some folk customs. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Popular customs can negatively impact the environment: 1. “Pollution” of the Landscape • Uniform

Popular customs can negatively impact the environment: 1. “Pollution” of the Landscape • Uniform landscapes used to generate product recognition - motels and fast-food restaurants 2. Depletion of Scarce Natural Resources • Diffusion of some popular customs increases demand for animal products (fur, meat, leather) and for raw materials • Popular culture tends to modify, control, pollute, or “ruin” the environment © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.