Chapter 4 Lecture The Cultural Landscape Eleventh Edition
- Slides: 41
Chapter 4 Lecture The Cultural Landscape Eleventh Edition Folk and Popular Culture Matthew Cartlidge University of Nebraska-Lincoln © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issues • Where are folk and popular leisure activities distributed? • Where are folk and popular material culture distributed? • Why is access to folk and popular culture unequal? • Why do folk and popular culture face sustainability challenges? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Culture Definitions • Cultural landscape – the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the physical landscape (otherwise known as built environment) • Cultural identity – One’s feeling of belonging to a certain cultural group • Cultural hearth - an area where new ideas and innovations spring up and spread to other parts of the world. – Modern cultural hearths are urban areas like New York City, Paris, London and Tokyo. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Early Cultural Hearths © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
KEY ISSUE 1: WHERE ARE FOLK AND POPULAR LEISURE ACTIVITIES DISTRIBUTED? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities Distributed? • How culture influences behavior - the difference between habit and custom: 1. Habit is a repetitive act performed by an individual. – One college student wears jeans when the rest wear dress pants. 2. Custom is a repetitive act performed by a group. – All college students wear jeans. • Habit is a personal phenomenon while custom is a social phenomenon © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Habits -> Customs -> Culture • All of a group’s customs come together to form a culture – Like a patchwork quilt – College students wear jeans, drink Starbucks coffee, eat pizza, and listen to hip hop music Culture © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Custom Habit
What is culture? Types of culture: 1. Material culture: – Survival culture – food, clothing, shelter – Leisure culture – the arts and recreation 2. Non-material culture: – Religious beliefs, political views, language, values © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Folk Culture and Popular Culture • Folk Culture – traditionally practiced among small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas • Popular Culture – found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain customs despite differences in other personal characteristics © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Characteristics of Folk and Popular Culture 1. Origin • Folk Culture – Often in less developed countries – Unknown hearth and date • Popular Culture – Product of developed countries – Known hearth and date – often a specific person or corporation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Characteristics of Folk and Popular Culture 2. Diffusion • Folk Culture – Smaller scale and slower diffusion – Spreads mostly through relocation diffusion • Popular Culture – Rapid and extensive diffusion – Spreads through hierarchical or contagious diffusion – Technology spreads pop culture rapidly © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Characteristics of Folk and Popular Culture 3. Distribution • Folk Culture – Generally occurs in a smaller physical space – Often an isolated location • Popular Culture – Widely distributed across many countries – Main obstacle to access is lack of income to purchase the goods © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Meeting of cultures can result in: 1. Assimilation occurs when the dominant group absorbs the culture of the minority group and the minority’s culture is lost – This sometimes occurs over several generations 2. Acculturation is where the culture of the dominant group is adopted without losing the traditions and customs of the original culture – The dominant culture is often changed by the minority culture, too © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Assimilation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Acculturation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Multiculturalism and Monoculturalism • Multiculturalism describes the existence, acceptance, or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single nation or region – Occurs through immigration or annexation of new regions – United States, Australia, Canada, Brazil, United Kingdom, New Zealand © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Monoculturalism is the practice of actively preserving a culture via the exclusion of external influences – Characterized by racial homogeneity, strong sense of nationalism, geographic isolation, or political isolation (sometimes but not always under a totalitarian regime) – Occurs today in Japan, China, South Korea, North Korea, Netherlands, Denmark, Finland – Hitler’s ultimate goal © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
KEY ISSUE 2: WHERE ARE FOLK AND POPULAR MATERIAL CULTURE DISTRIBUTED? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are Folk and Popular Culture Distributed? Folk culture varies more by location than by time period – You might find a culture unique to a certain group living in a certain area, that has remained unchanged for decades or more Popular culture varies more by time period than by location – Fashions change with the decades but are universal across the U. S. during that decade © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
KEY ISSUE 3: WHY IS ACCESS TO FOLK AND POPULAR CULTURE UNEQUAL? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? Electronic Diffusion of Popular Culture – Principal obstacle to accessing popular culture is lack of access to electronic media. • TV is the most important media format because: 1. Watching TV is most popular leisure activity in the world. 2. TV is most important mechanism for rapidly diffusing popular culture around the world. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? Electronic Diffusion of Popular Culture 1. Diffusion of TV: Mid-Twentieth Century • TV technology originated simultaneously in multiple hearths in the early twentieth century: UK, France, Germany, Japan, Soviet Union, and the United States. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? 2. Diffusion of the Internet: Late Twentieth Century • Diffusion follows pattern established by TV but at a more rapid rate. • 1995 – less than 1% of the world’s people had an internet connection • Today – around 46% © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Internet Users by Country, 2016 • • • China – 721, 434, 547 (52%) India – 462, 124, 989 (35%) U. S. - 286, 942, 363 (89%) Brazil – 139, 111, 185 (66%) Japan – 115, 111, 185 (91%) • Lowest percentage: Eritrea 1% • Highest percentage: Iceland 100% © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Worldwide diffusion of TV took half a century, while the same diffusion pattern of the internet took only a decade. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? 3. Diffusion of Social Media: Twenty-First Century • Same diffusion pattern as TV and Internet © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. – Facebook » 156. 5 million Facebook users in U. S. » 1. 71 billion worldwide – Twitter » 316 million users worldwide today » Top 10 countries by number of Twitter users: USA, Brazil, Japan, UK, Indonesia, India, Mexico, Philippines, Spain, Canada – Snapchat » 150 million users worldwide – You. Tube » 1 billion users each month
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? Challenges in Accessing Electronic Media 1. External Threat: Developed Countries Control the Media • TV industry is dominated by Japan, UK, and United States. • Leaders of developing countries concerned about American values being imposed on viewers: – Upward social mobility – Freedom for women – Glorification of youth – Stylized violence © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? – News media in developing countries is dominated by the government, whereas media in the United States is largely owned by private commercial stations. – Many African and Asian government officials criticize freedom of the press in the United States. • Allegedly our media does not convey an accurate view of other countries. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
2. Internal Threat: Social Media • Limiting Access to TV – Satellite dishes enable people to access information that would otherwise be censored by their governments. • Some governments attempt to limit Internet content including: – Political Content - Opposition to local government – Social Content - Socially sensitive material, such as gambling or sex – Conflict and Security - Armed conflict, border disputes, or militant groups – Internet Tools - Email, Internet hosting, and Internet searches © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
KEY ISSUE 4: WHY DO FOLK AND POPULAR CULTURE FACE SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sustainability Challenges for Folk Culture: 1. Increased connection with popular culture makes maintaining centuries-old practices difficult. 2. Impacts of globalization on the landscape creates challenges in maintaining a unique landscape. 3. Global diffusion of popular culture beliefs has challenged the lower status of women that is embedded in some folk customs. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Popular customs can negatively impact the environment: 1. “Pollution” of the Landscape • Uniform landscapes used to generate product recognition - motels and fast-food restaurants 2. Depletion of Scarce Natural Resources • Diffusion of some popular customs increases demand for animal products (fur, meat, leather) and for raw materials • Popular culture tends to modify, control, pollute, or “ruin” the environment © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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