APES Semester 1 District Exam Review 1 Ecology
- Slides: 62
APES Semester 1 District Exam Review
1) Ecology is the study of … Relationships between living organisms and their environment; it studies the structure and function of nature.
1) Environmental science is the study of… Information and ideas from the physical sciences (such as biology, chemistry, and geology) with those from the social sciences and humanities (such as economics, politics, and ethics) to learn how nature works, and how we can deal with environmental problems.
2) Define Positive feedback Negative feedback Homeostasis Synergy Feedback loop that causes a system to change further in the same direction Artic Ice Melts Ice Reflects Light Into Space Warms Earth More Ice Melts Feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving. Home Thermostat Is the property of a system that regulate its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, relatively constant condition. You sweat when you are hot. As sweat evaporates, it cools your body. Interaction of two of more factors or processes so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects. Smokers are 10 times more likely to get lung cancer than non smokers Individuals exposed to asbestos are 5 times more likely to get lung cancer People who smoke and are exposed to asbestos are 50 times more likely to get lung cancer
6) Define and give 2 examples: Define Example Renewable resource A resource that can be replenished rapidly Fresh H 2 O Example Fertile Soil (hours to several decades) through natural Fresh Air processes as long as it is not used up faster than it is replaced Nonrenewable Resource that exists in a fixed amount in Copper Coal resource the earth’s crust and has potential for Oil Aluminum renewal by geological, physical, and chemical processes taking place over hundreds of millions to billions of years Perpetual Resource Define Example Essentially inexhaustible resource on a human time scale because it is renewed continuously Solar Energy
7) During cultural revolutions (like the agricultural & industrial revolutions)… …. the food supply (increased / decreased / remained the same) …. life expectancy (increased / decreased / remained the same) …. living standards (increased / decreased / remained the same). . . death rates (increased / decreased / remained the same)
8) Energy use during the Industrial Revolution shifted from dependence on renewable wood to dependence on non-renewable fossil fuels
9) Write the equation for doubling time Doubling Time = 70/r r = growth rate
10) If the growth rate of a country is 2%, how long would it take the population to double? (show work) DT = 70/2 = 35 years
11) Growth rate = (Births + Immigration) – (Death + Emigration)
12) What 2 countries have the largest populations? China & India
13) Compare and contrast developed and developing countries: Circle your choice Higher percentage of the world’s population Developed Countries Developing Countries Higher percent of the world’s resource use Developed Countries Developing Countries Pyramid-shaped histogram Developed Countries Developing Countries Higher percent of the world’s pollution waste Developed Countries Developing Countries Higher rate of population growth Developed Countries Developing Countries Higher percent of the world’s wealth & income Developed Countries Developing Countries India and Kenya Developed Countries Developing Countries Higher percentage of elderly people Developed Countries Developing Countries Higher status for women Developed Countries Developing Countries Subsistence agriculture is more common Developed Countries Developing Countries
14) Describe the first agricultural communities Traditional Subsistence Agriculture = Production of enough crops or livestock for family survival Slash-and-Burn Cultivation = Cutting down trees and other vegetation in a patch of forest and then burning it. The ashes are left to add nutrients to the soil (TRF have nutrient poor soil) Plots much be abandoned for several years until soil fertility returns Shifting Cultivation = clearing a plot of land in the forest and planting crops until the soil is depleted of nutrients. A new plot of land will be cleared and the process repeated. The abandoned plot cannot successfully grow crops for 10 -30 years.
12) Define & give an example: Define Example Kinetic energy Energy that matter has because of Wind, flowing water, and mass and speed, or velocity. electricity Energy stored in an object because of Unlit match, gasoline, and a Potential energy its position or the position of its parts. rock in your hand 1 st Law of In any physical or chemical change, no Gas Car = Thermodynamics detectable amount of energy is created 6% Mechanical Movement + or destroyed. 94% Heat -does not apply to nuclear power 2 nd Law of In any conversion of heat energy to Thermodynamics useful work, some of the initial energy input is degraded to lower-quality, more dispersed, less useful energy. Gas Car = 6% Mechanical Movement + 94% Heat
23) Energy (cycles / flows in one direction). Matter (cycles / flows in one direction).
24) Which nutrient cycle has no atmospheric component? Phosphorus
15) Define the terms associated with the water cycle: Precipitation Water in the form of rain, sleet, hail, and snow that falls from the atmosphere onto land bodies of water. Runoff Freshwater from precipitation and melting ice that flows on the earth’s surface into nearby lakes, streams, wetlands, and reservoirs Percolation Passage of a liquid through the spaces of a porous material Transpiration Process in which water is absorbed by the roots of plants, moves through the plant, passes through the pores (stomata) in their leaves, and evaporates into the atmosphere as water vapor Evaporation Conversion of a liquid to a gas Water table Upper surface of the zone of saturation, in which all available pores in the soil and rock in the earth’s crust are filled with water. Groundwater Water that sinks into the soil and is stored in slowly flowing and slowly renewed underground reservoirs called aquifers; underground water in the zone of saturation, below the water table. Surface water Precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation or transpiration.
25) Define the terms associated with the carbon cycle. Does each increase or decrease the amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere: Cellular respiration AKA Aerobic respiration Photosynthesis Combustion Decomposition Sequestration Define Is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes Increase / Decrease that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O Is a process used by plants and other organisms to Increase / Decrease convert the light energy captured from the sun into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organism's activities. CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Increase / Decrease Or burning, is the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions that produces heat Increase / Decrease Is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler forms of matter Increase / Decrease Technology used to store carbon dioxide from industry emissions
26) What is the largest carbon dioxide ‘sink’? The Ocean
27) Define the steps of the nitrogen cycle: Nitrogen fixation Assimilation Nitrification Ammonification Denitrification Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms useful to plants by lightning, bacteria, and cyanobacteria (N 2 to NH 3/ NH 4+ or NO 3 -) Plants Incorporation of NH 3 and NO 3 - into biological tissues A two-step process in which NH 3/ NH 4+ is converted to NO 3 Is the conversion of organic nitrogen into ammonia Is the reduction of NO 3 - to gaseous N 2 by anaerobic bacteria (NO 3 - to N 2)
19) Draw an example of: Linear growth Exponential growth Logistic growth
20) Define and give 2 examples of each type of species relationship: Competition Define Two or more individual organisms of a single species (intraspecific competition) or two or more individuals of different species (interspecific competition) attempting to use the same scarce resources in the same ecosystem. Examples Two plants struggling for sunlight Predation Interaction in which an organism of one species (the predator) captures and feeds on parts or all of an organism of another species (the prey) Type of species interaction in which both participating species generally benefit A fox hunting and eating a rabbit Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism Interaction between species in which one organism, called the parasite, preys on another organism, called the host. An interaction between organisms of different species in which one type of organism benefits and the other type is neither helped nor harmed to any great degree Clownfish gains protection and food by living among the anemone and helps protect the anemone from it’s predators. A tick on a deer Epiphytes living in large trees.
21) Define and give an example: Autotroph Heterotroph Producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore Scavenger Decomposer Detritus feeder Define Organism that uses solar energy to manufacture the organic compounds it needs as nutrients Organism that cannot synthesize the organic nutrients it needs and gets its organic nutrients by feeding on the tissue of producers or other consumers See Autotroph Organism that feeds on all or part of plants or other producers Organism that feeds only on primary consumers See Primary Consumer Animal that feeds on other animals Animal that can use both plants and other animals as food sources. Organism that feeds on dead organisms that were killed by other organisms or died naturally Organism that digests parts of dead organisms and cast-off fragments and wastes of living organisms by breaking down the complex organic molecules in those materials into simpler inorganic compounds and then absorb the soluble nutrients. Consumer organism that feeds on detritus, parts of dead organisms, and cast-off fragments and wastes of living organisms. Example Palm Tree Humans Orange Tree Hippo & Rhino Spider & Hyenas Elephant Lion Humans Vultures, Flies, & Crows Bacteria & Fungi Earthworms & Termites
22) Explain why food chains are rarely longer than 5 organisms. The second law of thermodynamics supports the 10% rule which states, only 10% of the energy is passed from one trophic level to the next. If a food chain has 5 organisms, only. 01% of the energy from the producer is available to the last consumer on the chain. 100% - producer 10% - primary consumer 1% - secondary consumer 0. 1% - tertiary consumer 0. 01% - quaternary consumer
23) Name 2 ecosystems with high net primary productivity per unit area: Terrestrial = Tropical Rain Forest Aquatic = Estuary
23) Name 2 ecosystems with low net primary productivity per unit area: Terrestrial = Desert Aquatic = Open Ocean
24) Define each of the following terms related to evolution: Macroevolution Is evolution on a grand scale—what we see when we look at the over history of life: stability, change, lineages arising, and extinction. Microevolution Convergent evolution Gene pool Geographic isolation Natural selection Niche Is a change in gene frequency within a population. Evolution at this scale can be observed over short periods of time Evolution in which two or more species interact and exert selective pressures on each other that can lead each species to undergo adaptations Is the process whereby organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. Sum total of all genes found in the individuals of the population of a particular species Separation of population of a species for long times into different areas. Process by which a particular beneficial gene is reproduced in succeeding generations more than other genes Total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem
25) Cities are (warmer / cooler) than forests at the same latitude. The leeward side of a mountain is (drier / wetter) than the windward side of a mountain. Ecosystems located near large bodies of water tend to be (cooler / warmer) in the winter and (cooler / warmer) in the summer when compared to similar ecosystems that are not located near large bodies of water. The 2 most important factors in determining climate are temperature and (altitude / precipitation / wind currents).
26) During El Nino the (Atlantic / Pacific / Indian) ocean current near the equator stops or reverses and flows to the (east / west). When this occurs the upwellings of (cold / warm), nutrient (poor / rich) water (occur / are suppressed).
27) List 3 threats to coral reefs: Thinning Ozone Layer Sediment Erosion Fishing Techniques
28) Where are the following lake & ocean life zones? Lake zone Limnetic Littoral Profundal Benthic Location Open, sunlit surface Photosynthesis Near shore High Biodiversity Deep, open water No Photosynthesis Bottom Decomposers & Detritivores Ocean zone Euphotic Location Brightly lit upper zone phytoplankton 40% of earth photosynthesis Warm, nutrient rich, shallow water Dimly lit middle zone no Photosynthesis Dark and very cold little dissolved oxygen Coastal Bathyl Abyssal
29) Explain why mountain ecosystems are ecologically important. • Home to 1. 2 billion people • 4 billion people depend on mountain systems for all or some of their food • Contain the majority of the world’s forests • Habitats for much of the planet’s terrestrial biodiversity • Sanctuaries for animal species driven to migrate from lowland areas • Help regulate earth’s climate • Play a critical role in the hydrologic cycle by serving as major storehouses of water
30) Eutrophic lake are (high / low) in nutrients and (high / low) in dissolved oxygen. Eutrophic lakes are (clear / cloudy). Oligotrophic lakes are (high / low) in nutrients and (high / low) in dissolved oxygen. Oligotrophic lakes are (clear / cloudy).
31) Match the biome to the description: G B F H E A C G D F A G
32) Define and give an example for each of the following species roles: Species role Define Endemic Species that is found in only one area Vulnerable to extinction Exotic Species that migrate into an ecosystem Accidental or Deliberate Keystone Species that play roles affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem Generalist Species with a broad ecological niche Specialist Species with a narrow ecological niche r-strategist Species that reproduce early in their life span and produce large numbers of usually small and shortlived offspring in a short period. K-strategist Species that produce a few, often fairly large offspring but invest a great deal of time and energy to ensure that most of those offspring reach reproductive age Example Golden Toad (Extinct) Chicken & African Bees Bats & Lions Flies & Humans Giant Panda Cockroaches & Turtles & Dandelions Rhinos & Humans & TRF trees
33) Compare and contrast the characteristics of vegetation found in early and late successional stage ecosystems. Early Late Pioneer Species / Generalists / High Dispersal Lichens / Mosses / Weeds / Grasses / Shrubs Requires Thick Soil / Climax Community Shade Tolerant Trees Primary Succession Secondary Succession No soil Soil
34) Describe the soil horizons: O-horizon A-Horizon B-horizon C-horizon Leaf Litter Topsoil Subsoil Parent Material
35) What are 2 properties of substances that biomagnify and bioaccumulate? Fat Soluble Persistent
36) Name 2 substances that biomagnify and bioaccumulate • DDT – Used for an insecticide • PCBs – Used in electrical, heat transfer, and hydraulic equipment; as plasticizers in paints, plastics, and rubber products; in pigments, dyes, and carbonless copy paper; and many other industrial applications. • Pb – Lead is toxic. There is a good chance that any home, building, school or daycare center built before 1978 contains some lead paint. • Hg - When coal is burned, mercury is released into the environment. Coalburning power plants are the largest human-caused source of mercury emissions to the air in the United States • Cd - Common industrial uses for cadmium today are in batteries, alloys, coatings (electroplating), solar cells, plastic stabilizers, and pigments. • Dioxins - Dioxins can be released into the environment through forest fires, backyard burning of trash, certain industrial activities, and residue from past commercial burning of waste.
37) What is the difference between biomagnifications and bioaccumulation? Biomagnification – Substances are concentrated at higher trophic levels Bioaccumulation – Substances concentrate in organs
38) List 3 properties of water: v Universal Solvent v Cohesive v Changes Temperature Slowly v Expands when Freezes
39) List the top 3 uses of water starting with the greatest: • Irrigation • Industry • Domestic Use
40) What are the environmental effects of excessive groundwater withdrawal • Subsidence • Aquifer Depletion
41) Most freshwater is Frozen
42) What is the most important cause of desertification? Overgrazing
43) Describe and give an example of each of the following types of pesticides: Describe Example First generation natural chemicals borrowed from plants nicotine sulfate produced in a laboratory DDT Chlorinated Organic compound made of C, H, & Cl. DDT and PCBs hydrocarbon Attack nervous and endocrine system Organophosphate Non-persistent insecticide that causes botanical Second generation synthetic malathion nerve damage. (degrades under UV light) Carbamate Kidney and liver damage. Furadan
44) List four qualities of an ideal pesticide: 1. Profitable = the benefits out weight the cost – Increase food production 2. Non-Persistent = break down quickly – Safe 3. Target = kill the right thing and not anything else – Only kills what you want to be killed (herbicides) 4. Speed = work fast
45) Genetic variability is (higher / lower) in crop monocultures making them (more / less) susceptible to disease and pest infestation.
46) What is integrated pest management? IPM Combined use of biological, chemical, and cultivation methods in proper sequence and timing to keep the size of a pest population below the size that causes economically unacceptable loss of a crop or livestock animal.
47) Name 3 methods that may be used in IPM to control pests 1. Sex Hormones 2. Intercropping 3. Natural Predators
48) Define and give an example of each type of water pollution: Define Example Point source Single identifiable source that Smokestack discharges pollutants into the Drainpipe environment Chimney Pollutants enter bodies of Runoff surface water or air from broad • Feedlots and diffuse areas • Parking lots Nonpoint source
49) What nutrients cause eutrophication? Nitrates and Phosphates
50) Describe the steps in sewage treatment: Primary Secondary Advanced TERTIARY Disinfection Physical process that uses screens and a grit tank to remove large floating objects and allow solids such as sand rock to settle out A biological process in which aerobic bacteria remove as much as 90% of dissolved and biodegradable, oxygendemanding organic wastes. Uses a series of specialized chemical and physical processes to remove specific pollutants left after 1 o and 2 o treatments (cost lots of $$$ = not widely used) Bleaching (cholorination), UV light, or Ozone is used to kill bacteria and some viruses *** Chapter 20 ***
51) Describe each of the Earth’s zones: Crust Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mantle Outer core Inner core soil and rock. The outermost and thinnest zone of the earth Continental / oceanic crust and the outermost part of the mantle (above the asthenosphere) A zone of hot partly melted rock that flows and can be deformed like soft plastic A thick zone surrounding the Core. Most of the mantle is solid rock, but under its rigid outermost part is the asthenosphere is a zone of hot, partly melted rock molten or semisolid material extremely hot and solid
52) Define and give examples: Mineral Rock Define Any naturally occurring inorganic substance found in the earth’s crust as a crystalline solid Any solid material that makes up a large natural continuous part of the earth’s crust Examples Fossil fuels Gold Diamonds Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary
53) Match the rock type to each description: Igneous, Metamorphic or Sedimentary Igneous ________a. Form from magma cooling into rock at or below the surface of the earth Sedimentary ________b. Form from the lithification of sediments at the surface of the earth Metamorphic ________c. Formed when rocks are exposed to high temperatures and pressures below the earth’s surface Metamorphic ________d. Examples include marble and gneiss Sedimentary ________e. Examples include limestone and shale Igneous ________f. Examples include granite and obsidian
54) Strip mining is an example of (surface / subsurface) mining. Subsurface mining disturbs (more / less) land than surface mining. Subsurface mining produces (more / less) waste material than surface mining. Subsurface mining is (more / less) dangerous than surface mining. Sub surface mining will get out (more / less) of the resource than surface mining.
55) What can be done to extend the ‘depletion time’ of a nonrenewable resource? Reduce use Reduce Non-renewables Recycle Find new alternatives/materials
56) What is the US Mining Law of 1812 and why don’t environmentalists like it? • It was designed to encourage mineral exploration and the mining of hard-rock minerals (such as gold, silver, copper, zinc, nickel, and uranium) on US public lands and to help develop then-sparsely populated West. • To file a claim, you say you believe the land contains valuable hard-rock minerals and you promise to spend $500 to improve it for mineral development. • People have constructed gold courses, hunting lodges, hotels, and housing subdivisions on public land that they bought from taxpayers at 1872 prices. • In 1992, the 1872 law was modified to require mining companies to post bonds to cover 100% of the estimated cleanup cost in case they go bankrupt
Exam Question Breakdown Warning – this is not my information, but taken from another APES teacher. You still need to STUDY EVERYTHING
1. 1 2. 2 3. 1 4. 1 5. 0 6. 1 7. 0 8. 1 9. 5 10. 1 11. 1 12. 2 13. 1 14. 1 15. 1 16. 1 17. 0 18. 3 19. 1 20. 4 21. 1 22. 1 23. 1 24. 7 25. 2 26. 1 27. 1 28. 2 29. 1 30. 1 31. 3 32. 2 33. 2 34. 1 35. 1 36. 1 37. 1 38. 1 39. 2 40. 1 41. 0 42. 1 43. 1 44. 1 45. 1 46. 1 47. 1 48. 1 49. 1 50. 1 51. 1 52. 1 53. 2 54. 1 55. 1 56. 1 Total = 77
Also on Exam Limiting Factor Estuaries Predation Defenses Carrying Capacity Density Dependent / Independent Factors Food Chains Replacement Level Fertility Human Population Growth Demographic Transition Environmental Impact of Livestock Aquaculture Soil Salinization Soil Erosion Water Use Type of agriculture Clean Water Act Types of Scientific Research
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