First semester Grade 10 Advanced Unit 1 Biological

First semester Grade 10 Advanced Unit 1 Biological important molecules Name : --------------------- Class : ----------

Booklet key This picture Means that this is a Key words links Exercises Reading text for improving language only

Contents Topic Unit 1 : Biological No. Pg important molecules Unit Standards 1 Unit objectives 2 The chemistry of life 4 Carbohydrates 6 Carbohydrates classifications 7 Simple carbohydrates 8 Complex carbohydrates 10 Carbohydrates exercises 12 Lipids 16 Lipids exercises 20 Proteins 21 Peptide bond 22 Chlorophyll 23 Proteins exercises 24 Tests for proteins, sugars and starch. 26 References 32

Carbohydrates are organic molecules with the general formula of CHO in 1: 2: 1 ratio. Carbohydrates ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺻﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ 1: 2: 1 ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Functions of carbohydrates ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ 1 - Storage . Disaccharide Cellulose Starch Triglycerides 2 - Structural function. Carbohydrates are classified according to molecular size and solubility. In general, the smaller molecules are more soluble than the larger ones. ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ -2 – ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻴﺔ 1 ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﻜﺜﺮ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ، ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ We get carbohydrates from : ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ . 1 - Sugar and sweets. 2 - cakes and fresh juice 3 - Rice, bread and potato. 4 - Beans, Vegetables and Fruit Carbohydrates are made of a monomers called glucose (simple sugars). Glucose is a monosaccharide contain 6 carbon atoms and It is molecular formula is : ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻮﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ -4 ﺍﻷﺮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺒﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺲ -3 ﺍﻟﻜﻌﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺯﺟﺔ -2 ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ 1 ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ) ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ( ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﺳﻜﺮ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ : ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻧﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ C 6 H 12 O 6 ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ 6 6 http: //www 3. interscience. wiley. com: 8100/legacy/college/ pruitt/0471473219/bioinquiries/appb/flash/animation 3. html

Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ Monosaccharide ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ one sugar unit ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺳﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ v. Glucose v. Fructose v. Galactose Complex Carbohydrates ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪﺓ Disaccharide ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ Polysaccharide ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ Two sugar units ﻭﺣﺪﺗﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ Three or more sugar units ﺛﻼﺙ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﻮ ﺃﻜﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ v. Sucrose v. Maltose v. Lactose 7 v. Starch v. Cellulose v. Glycogen

10 minutes (max) Question 3: Read the text below then answer the following questions. : ﺃﻘﺮﺃ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺛﻢ ﺃﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ : ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ REA DI ACTI NG VITY Carbohydrates divide into-Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. The most common and important monosaccharide is glucose. All have the formula C 6 H 12 O 6 Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharide are joined together by a glycosidic bond. The reaction involves the formation of a molecule of water (H 2 O). There are three common disaccharides sucrose , maltose and Lactose. Polysaccharides are long chains of many monosaccharide joined together by glycosidic bonds , There are two important polysaccharides starch and Cellulose. 1 - Identify the bond that holds the two glucose molecules together. …………………………………………… . ﻣﺎﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺘﻴﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ - 1 2 - List three example for polysaccharide is. …………………………………. ﻋﺪﺩ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ - 2 3 - Write a summary for the above text. ﻟﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺄﺴﻠﻮﺑﻚ - 3 ……………………………………………………………… 20

Tests for proteins, sugars and starch. 26 http: //www. purchon. com/biology/protein. htm

Identifying organic compounds Objectives: To test for the organic compounds by using different indicators Introduction: The most common organic compounds found in living organisms are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Common foods are also combination of these organic compounds. Substances called indicators can be used to test for the presence of organic compounds. An indicator is a substance that changes color in the presence of a particular compound. In this investigation, you will use several indicators to test for the presence of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins in various foods. Question: What are the major compounds in some common foods? Materials (per group) 1. 9 to 10 test tubes+ test-tube rack +test-tube holder. Test-tube rack 2. Bunsen burner OR water bath 3. Iodine solution 27

4. 20 m. L honey solution 5. 20 m. L egg white and water mixture 6. 20 m. L corn oil 7. 20 m. L gelatin 8. 20 m. L melted butter 9. 20 m. L potato 10. 20 m. L apple juice 11. 20 m. L distilled water 12. 20 m. L unknown substance 13. Paper towels 14. Indicators 1. Sudan III 15. Plastic gloves 16. Masking tape 2. Biuret reagent 3. Benedict's solution Procedure: • testing for lipids: -Obtain test tubes and place them in a test-tube rack. -Use masking tape to make labels for each test tube. -Write the name of a different food sample (listed in materials including - distilled water) on each masking-tape label. -Use separate droppers to fill the test tubes with 5 m. L of the substance - indicated on the masking-tape label. -Add 5 drops of Sudan III stain to each test tube. -Results: Sudan III stain will dissolve in lipids and stain them red. 28

In the data table below, record any color change and place a check mark next to those substances that give positive test. 2. Testing for carbohydrates -Obtain test tubes and place them in a test-tube rack. -Use masking tape to make labels for each test tube. -Write the name of a different food sample (listed in materials including distilled water) on each masking-tape label. - Add 5 drops of iodine to each test tube Results: Iodine will change color from yellow-brown to blue-black in the presence of starch. In the data table below, record any color change and place a check mark -next to those substances that give positive test presence of starch For a sugar test; - Set up a hot –water bath - fill each cleaned test tube with 5 m. L of the substances indicated on the masking-tape label. - Add 10 drops of Benedict's solution to each test tube. - Heat for 3 to 5 minutes in the hot water bath. Results: Benedicts' solution will change color from blue to green, yellow, orange, or red in the presence of a simple sugar, or monosaccharide. from to , yellow, or red In the data table below, record any color change and place a check mark -next to those substances that give positive test presence of starch. 29

3. Testing for Proteins - put 5 m. L of the appropriate substance in each labeled test tube. - Add 5 drops of biuret indicator to each test tube. Caution: ( Biuret reagent contains sodium hydroxide, a strong base. If you splash any reagent on yourself, wash it off immediately with water. ) -Gently shake the content of each test tube. Results: Biuret changes color from yellow to blue-violet in the presence of protein. from to In the data table below, record any color change and place a check mark next to those substances that give positive test The data table: Substance Lipid Test Sudan III Lipid present ( ) Carbohydrate Test Iodine color Starches present ( ) Honey Egg white Corn oil Gelatin Butter Potato Apple juice Distilled water Unknown 30 Benedict's color Protein Test Sugar present ( ) Biuret color Proteins present ( )

http: //www. lipidlibrary. co. uk 32