Ecology Unit Review Ecology the study of interactions
- Slides: 116
Ecology Unit Review
Ecology- the study of interactions between – organisms and organisms – organisms and their environment
Factors that effect us: 1. Abiotic Factors Moisture Wind/Air currents Light Soil Temperature
A- Bio- stands for non stands for living Abiotic Factors- nonliving factors
2. Biotic Factors: living things
What is the organization of Ecological Study? Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere
Levels of Organization Individual- one organism (living) Ex a moose
Levels of Organization Population- groups of individuals that belong to the species and live in the same area. (living-living same species) Ex many moose
Levels of Organization Community- groups of different populations (more than one population or different groups of species) Ex many groups of moose beavers, trees, grass (all living)
Levels of Organization Ecosystem- all organisms in a particular area along with the nonliving. (living and nonliving) Ex many groups of moose beavers, trees, grass, rocks, water, mountains
Levels of Organization Biome- group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities Biomes: tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, tropical savannah, temperate grassland, desert, temperate woodland shrubland, temperate forest, northwestern coniferous forest, boreal forest (taiga), tundra, mountains and ice caps
Levels of Organization Biosphere- all of the planet where life exhists, includes land, water, and, air Life extends 8 km up and 11 km below the surface
Habitat vs. Niche Habitat- an area where an organism lives Niche- an organisms role in its environment – The Long Version full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. Includes where in the food chain it is, where an organism feeds Habitat is like an address in an ecosystem and a niche is like an occupation in an ecosystem.
What is Succession & what causes it? Changes to a community Biotic Factor Abiotic Factors
2 Types of succession Primary – From nothing – Even the soil must be “created” Secondary – From soil – Disaster can strike and make it start over
Primary Succession
Secondary Succession
Pioneer Species that colonize barren habitats Lichens, small plants with brief life cycles Improve conditions for other species who then replace them
Climax Community Stable array of species that persists relatively unchanged over time Succession does not always move predictably toward a specific climax community; other stable communities may persist
The trend of Succession Pioneer stage Climax Community
Energy Flow (Trophic Levels) Producers- make their own food Consumers- get energy from consuming producers
Producers Producers- capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use the energy to produce food. Producers are autotrophs- they make food from their environment
2 main types of autotrophs One type gets energy from the sun -by photosynthesis Another type gets energy without light- by chemosynthesis
Consumers are heterotrophs- get energy from other organisms
Types of Consumers Herbivores- eat only plants Carnivores- eat animals Omnivores- eat both plants and animals Detritivores- eat dead matter (plants and animals)
Feeding Relationships Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction from: – – 1. the sun or inorganic compounds 2. To autotrophs (producers) 3. To heterotrophs (consumers) Decomposers get energy from decomposing dead organisms
Food Chain- a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten. Food Web- A network of feeding relationships. (More realistic that a food chain)
Food Web
They can become very complex!
Trophic levels Each step in a food chain or a food web is called a trophic level. – Producers are the first trophic level – Consumers are the second, third, or higher trophic level Each trophic level depends on the one below for energy
Energy Pyramid Only part of the energy stored in one level can be passed to the next- most energy is consumed for life processes (respiration, movement, etc. , and heat is given off) Only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms in the next trophic level
Biomass Pyramid Biomass- the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level. A biomass pyramid represents the amount of potential food available for each trophic level in an ecosystem.
Energy Losses Energy transfers are never 100 percent efficient Some energy is lost at each step Limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem Energy flow is a one way path! (not a cycle)
G 1 -3: List at least three things that will happen to the energy an animal consumes. 3 1 2 Energy Transfer 4. What percentage the consumed energy can be used for growth?
All Heat in the End At each trophic level, the bulk of the energy received from the previous level is used in metabolism This energy is released as heat energy and lost to the ecosystem Eventually, all energy is released as heat
Biogeochemical Cycles (Matter moving through the environment) All living organisms need certain elements/compounds for life processes – Ex: your cells need C, H, O, P, N & S in order to live and reproduce (make more cells) Cycles in nature keep these elements “moving” from organisms to organism (and sometimes into the atmosphere)
Biogeochemical Cycles (Matter moving through the environment) The flow of a nutrient from the environment to living organisms and back to the environment Main reservoir for the nutrient is in the environment Transfer rates to and from reservoir are usually lower than the rates of exchange between and among organisms. Matter is recycled through an ecosystem – not one way flow
Three Categories Hydrologic cycle – Water Atmospheric cycles – Nitrogen and carbon Sedimentary cycles – Phosphorus and sulfur
CYCLES IN NATURE
Carbon Cycle Carbon moves through the atmosphere and food webs on its way to and from the ocean, sediments, and rocks Sediments and rocks are the main reservoir
Carbon Cycle diffusion Atmosphere Bicarbonate, volcanic action carbonate Marine food TERRESTRIAL webs ROCKS Terrestrial Rocks photosynthesis Land Food Webs Soil Water Marine Sediments weathering Peat, Fossil Fuels
Carbon in the Oceans Most carbon in the ocean is dissolved carbonate and bicarbonate Ocean currents carry dissolved carbon
Carbon in Atmosphere Atmospheric carbon is mainly carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is added to atmosphere – Aerobic respiration, volcanic action, burning fossil fuels, decomposition of organic materials Removed by photosynthesis
Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is used in amino acids and nucleic acids (all living organism need nitrogen to make proteins) Main reservoir is nitrogen gas in the atmosphere Decomposers are vital to convert ammonia into: 1. usable nitrites & nitrates for plants (nitrogen fixation) 2. nitrogen gas (denitrification = puts it back into the atmosphere)
Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus is part of phospholipids and all nucleotides – What are these? It is the most prevalent limiting factor in ecosystems Main reservoir is Earth’s crust; no gaseous phase (it never enters the atmosphere – like carbon and nitrogen)
Phosphorus Cycle mining excretion FERTILIZER GUANO agriculture uptake by autotrophs MARINE FOOD WEBS weathering DISSOLVED IN OCEAN WATER uptake by autotrophs weathering DISSOLVED IN SOILWATER, LAKES, RIVERS death, decomposition sedimentation death, decomposition leaching, runoff setting out MARINE SEDIMENTS uplifting over geolgic time ROCKS LAND FOOD WEBS
Community All the populations that live together in a habitat Habitat is the type of place where individuals of a species typically live Type of habitat shapes a community’s structure
Biogeography The study of the distribution of organisms and the processes that underlie distribution patterns
Factors that Affect Distribution Geologic history Topography Climate Species interactions
Climate Average weather condition in a region Affected by: – amount of incoming solar radiation – prevailing winds – elevation
Rotation and Wind Direction Earth rotates faster under the air at the equator than it does at the poles Deflects patterns at right into rotating currents
Seasonal Variation Northern end of Earth’s axis tilts toward sun in June and away in December Difference in tilt causes differences in sunlight intensity and day length The greater the distance from the equator, the more pronounced the seasonal changes
Ocean Currents Upper waters move in currents that distribute nutrients and affect regional climates
Rain Shadow Air rises on the windward side, loses moisture before passing over the mountain
Soil Characteristics Amount of humus p. H Degree of aeration Ability to hold or drain water Mineral content
Biogeographic Realms Six areas in which plants and animals are somewhat similar Maintain their identity because of climate and physical barriers that tend to maintain isolation between species
Biomes Regions of land characterized by habitat conditions and community structure Distinctive biomes prevail at certain latitudes and elevations
Biomes
Biome Chart (to fill in during presentations) Create a Biome Table with the Following Columns: 1. Name of Biome 2. Major Location(s) 3. Avg. Temperature/climate 4. Avg. Rainfall – convert to inches 5. Major plant life 6. Major animals 7. Other – include things such as other major identifying factors of the biome, alternate names of the biome, limiting factors of the biome for plants/animals, etc. Note: To convert rainfall from cm to in = 1 cm X. 39 = in
Biome Location Temp. Rainfall Plants Animals Other Coral Reef Savannah
Chapter 4: Population Biology What is a population? What is exponential population growth? What happens to a population when it reaches its carrying capacity?
How many mice are in the following population? Estimate! Ready SET Go!
How many did you count? What is the best way to count them? SAMPLING
Population Sampling Sometimes, the entire population to be studied is small enough for the researcher to include the entire population in the study. – This type of research is called a census study because data is gathered on every member of the population. Usually, the population is too large for the researcher to attempt to survey all of its members. – A small, but carefully chosen sample can be used to represent the population. – The sample reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is drawn
Sampling Methods There are LOTS ways to sample a population including: – Biased sampling, Systematic sampling, Stratified sampling, Judgment sampling, Quota sampling, Snowball sampling, Counting method, Hit-ormiss method, etc… HOWEVER, the most common methods are: – Random and non-random sampling – Each gives you a “best estimate” of the population size
Population Size Factors that affect: – Natality – Mortality/Fatality – Immigration – Emigration
Population Growth Curves Explain what is happening to the populations below:
Population Growth Curves Explain what is happening to the populations below:
Biotic Potential = Reproductive Potential Rate at which a population could grow if it had unlimited resources If a population reached its biotic potential it would have exponential growth
Exponential Growth
Logistic Growth This graph shows a typical population growth curve. Under ideal conditions a population would have a growth with a slow start, then a very fast rate of increase and finally the growth slows down and stops.
Predator-Prey Relationships: 1. 2. 3. 4. What happens if a population “booms” above carrying capacity? Who booms first during each cycle? Why? ? Does a prey boom have to be followed by a predator boom?
Population Density
Limiting Factors D 1. Tend to reduce ____ rate or increase ____ rate. 2. Density-Dependent Factors, depend on population size: List • Competition for space, food, water, etc… • Predation: Gazelle-Cheetah, Deer-Wolf, Bison-Grass? • Parasitism and Disease • Waste accumulation 3. Density-Independent Factors: List • weather, seasons • natural disasters • human habitat disruptions
Density Dependent Here is a dramatic example of how competition among members of one species for a finite resource — in this case, food — caused a sharp drop in population. The graph shows a population crash; in this case of reindeer on two islands in the Bering Sea. Inter or Intra?
Density Dependent This graph shows the effect of interspecific competition on the population size of two species of paramecia, Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum. When either species was cultured alone — with fresh food added regularly — the population grew exponentially at first and then leveled off. However, when the two species were cultured together, P. caudatum proved to be the weaker competitor. After a brief phase of exponential growth, its population began to decline and ultimately it became extinct. The population of P. aurelia reached a plateau, but so long as P. caudatum remained, this was below the population density it achieved when grown alone.
Density Independent This graph shows the decline in the population of one of Darwin's finches on Daphne Major, a tiny (100 acre) member of the Galapagos Islands. The decline (from 1400 to 200 individuals) occurred because of a severe drought that reduced the quantity of seeds on which this species feeds. The drought ended in 1978, but even with ample food once again available the finch population recovered only slowly.
Organism Interactions Limit Populations Predation Competition – Both types Parasitism Crowding/stress
The Human Population Figure 4. 10 pg 104
Demography Vocabulary Age Structure Immigration Emigration Birth/Death Rate
Age Structure Pyramids These pyramids compare the age structure of the populations of France and India in 1984. The relative number (%) of males and females is shown in 5 -year cohorts. Almost 20% of India's population were children — 15 years or less in age — who had yet to begin reproduction. When the members of a large cohort like this begin reproducing, they add greatly to birth rates. In France, in contrast, each cohort is about the size of the next until close to the top when old age begins to take its toll.
Age Structure Pyramids These population pyramids show the baby-boom generation in 1970 and again in 1985 (green ovals). Profound changes (e. g. enrollments in schools and colleges) have occurred — and continue to occur — in U. S. society as this bulge passes into ever-older age brackets.
Chapter 5: Diversity & Conservation Importance to nature Importance to people – Oxygen – Diet – Medicines
Loss of Diversity Threatened Species Endangered Species Extinction of Species
Endangered Species/State • Pennsylvania -- 17 listings • Rhode Island -- 17 listings • South Carolina -- 42 listings 2004 Data • South Dakota -- 12 listings • Maine -- 15 listings • Alabama -- 115 listings • Tennessee -- 96 listings • Maryland -- 26 listings • Alaska -- 11 listings • Massachusetts -- 24 listings • Texas -- 91 listings • Arizona -- 60 listings • Utah -- 47 listings • Michigan -- 21 listings • Arkansas -- 29 listings • Vermont -- 8 listings • Minnesota -- 13 listings • California -- 300 listings • Virginia -- 71 listings • Mississippi -- 38 listings • Colorado -- 33 listings • Washington -- 41 listings • Missouri -- 25 listings • Connecticut -- 19 listings • West Virginia -- 21 listings • Montana -- 17 listings • Delaware -- 20 listings • Wisconsin -- 16 listings • Nebraska -- 13 listings • District of Columbia -- 3 listings • Wyoming -- 18 listings • Nevada -- 38 listings • Florida -- 111 listings • New Hampshire -- 12 listings • American Samoa -- 4 listings • Georgia -- 66 listings • Guam -- 12 listings • New Jersey -- 23 listings • Hawaii -- 317 listings • New Mexico -- 42 listings • Northern Mariana Islands -- 13 • Idaho -- 25 listings • New York -- 26 listings • Illinois -- 28 listings • North Carolina -- 63 listings • Puerto Rico -- 75 listings • Indiana -- 29 listings • North Dakota -- 8 listings • Virgin Islands -- 13 listings • Iowa -- 14 listings • Outlying Caribbean Islands -- 0 • Ohio -- 26 listings • Kansas -- 15 listings • Oklahoma -- 20 listings • Kentucky -- 47 listings • Outlying Pacific Islands -- 0 • Oregon -- 54 listings • Louisiana -- 26 listings
Threats to Biodiversity Habitat Loss Habitat Fragmentation – Biotic Issues – Abiotic Issues Habitat Degradation – Air Pollution – Water Pollution – Land Pollution
Exotic Species Non-native organisms that “move-in” to a particular area There can be a lack of competitors = exponential growth Can take over the niches of native species Example: Page 124
Conservation Sustainable use: – Use what you need, but don’t damage the ecosystem Is this a good example of sustainable use?
Conservation Habitat Corridors
Conservation Reintroduction Programs Captive Breeding Example: The Ginkgo Tree would probably be extinct if it were not for Chinese monks keeping it in captivity around temples
Humans & The Environment Pest Control – Benefits vs. Problems – EX: DDT
Humans & The Environment Ozone (O 3) Depletion – O 3 forms a “good layer” around the Earth – CFC release is breaking down the protective ozone layer – UV rays increase skin cancers & other cell mutations to plants & animals!
Humans & The Environment Acid Precipitation – In the form of rain, snow, dew or fog – Created when gases such as nitrogen oxide (NOx) and sulfur oxide (SOx), generated in the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, react in the atmosphere with sunlight to produce acids such as nitric and sulfuric acid. These acids dissolve in rain to become acid rain.
How is Acidity Measured? When we observe acid rain, acidity is measured in units called p. H. The p. H scale is from 0 to 14 – p. H 7 indicates neutral – higher p. H numbers = alkalinity (base) – smaller numbers = acid We’ll do more on p. H in the “Biochemistry” chapter
Natural Acid Precipitation CO 2 combines with water to form a weak acid H 2 CO 3 (carbonic acid) But we are adding to the problem… – by adding nitric and sulfuric acids Look at the “clean rain” – it’s already slightly acidic? ? ?
Effects of Acid Precipitation • In Japan, rain which registers p. H 5. 6 or less is considered acid rain; some 80 -90% of the rain that falls in Japan in a year is acid rain. • In Japan, acid rain with acidity equal to lemon juice has been observed at Mount Tsukuba in 1984 (p. H 2. 5) and at Kagoshima in 1987 (p. H 2. 45). The problem is even more serious in North America and Europe. In those regions, forests are withering and lakes becoming uninhabitable to fish, and stone structures such as buildings and bronze statues are being damaged by corrosion. 1970 1985
Humans & The Environment Global Warming – “The Greenhouse Effect” – Fossil fuels give off lots of CO 2 – This builds a blanket around the earth – It is predicted that the Earth temp. will increase ~50 C before 2050 = Ice age? ?
Carbon Dioxide Increase Carbon dioxide levels fluctuate seasonally The average level is steadily increasing Burning of fossil fuels & deforestation are contributing to the increase
Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse gases impede the escape of heat from Earth’s surface
Global Warming Long-term increase in the temperature of Earth’s lower atmosphere
Other Greenhouse Gases CFCs - synthetic gases used in plastics and in refrigeration Methane - produced by termites and bacteria Nitrous oxide - released by bacteria, fertilizers, and animal wastes
- Unit 10, unit 10 review tests, unit 10 general test
- Ecology unit review
- Sulfur oxide
- Section 20-1 review species interactions
- Algebra 2 unit test
- Ecology study guide answers
- Chapter 3, section 1: community ecology answer key
- Ecology is the study that helps to preserve
- Unit 7 ecology
- Unit 7 ecology answer key
- Which of the following tells you population density
- Unit 10 ecology
- Hình ảnh bộ gõ cơ thể búng tay
- Ng-html
- Bổ thể
- Tỉ lệ cơ thể trẻ em
- Chó sói
- Tư thế worm breton là gì
- Alleluia hat len nguoi oi
- Các môn thể thao bắt đầu bằng tiếng nhảy
- Thế nào là hệ số cao nhất
- Các châu lục và đại dương trên thế giới
- Công thức tính độ biến thiên đông lượng
- Trời xanh đây là của chúng ta thể thơ
- Mật thư tọa độ 5x5
- Phép trừ bù
- Phản ứng thế ankan
- Các châu lục và đại dương trên thế giới
- Thể thơ truyền thống
- Quá trình desamine hóa có thể tạo ra
- Một số thể thơ truyền thống
- Cái miệng bé xinh thế chỉ nói điều hay thôi
- Vẽ hình chiếu vuông góc của vật thể sau
- Thế nào là sự mỏi cơ
- đặc điểm cơ thể của người tối cổ
- Thế nào là giọng cùng tên?
- Vẽ hình chiếu đứng bằng cạnh của vật thể
- Tia chieu sa te
- Thẻ vin
- đại từ thay thế
- điện thế nghỉ
- Tư thế ngồi viết
- Diễn thế sinh thái là
- Các loại đột biến cấu trúc nhiễm sắc thể
- Số.nguyên tố
- Tư thế ngồi viết
- Lời thề hippocrates
- Thiếu nhi thế giới liên hoan
- ưu thế lai là gì
- Khi nào hổ mẹ dạy hổ con săn mồi
- Khi nào hổ mẹ dạy hổ con săn mồi
- Sơ đồ cơ thể người
- Từ ngữ thể hiện lòng nhân hậu
- Thế nào là mạng điện lắp đặt kiểu nổi
- Noncovalent interactions
- Congress formal and informal powers
- Adelphoparasitism
- Joseph connell barnacle experiment
- Qualities behaviors and complexities
- Sertraline interactions
- Contractory monetary policy
- The properties and interactions of magnets are called
- Grapefruit-drug interactions chart
- Interactions in the environment grade 7
- Abiotic factors examples
- Geosphere examples
- Brain warmer
- 6.1 habitats niches and species interactions answer key
- Ppi drug interactions
- Types of interactions
- Circulatory system interactions with other systems
- Product architecture example
- Diaxial interactions
- Diazepam cyp450
- Factors that influence communication process
- Symbiosis and species interactions keystone webquest
- Function of digestive tract
- Naive bayes pays attention to complex interactions and
- Chapter 22 reaching out cross-cultural interactions
- Vitamin e main function
- Types of modular architecture
- Special interactions
- Glipizide interactions
- Chapter 22 reaching out cross-cultural interactions
- Chapter 22 reaching out cross-cultural interactions
- Accounting information system chapter 1
- Commensalism in science definition
- Hccee
- Nutrient interactions
- Foss chemical interactions
- Niches and community interactions
- Interactions
- Sertaline
- Chapter 5 evolution and community ecology answer key
- Intramolecular interactions
- Protein binding interactions
- Intermolecular force
- Protein binding interactions
- Reflection wave interactions
- Type of mechanical waves
- Insight therapies involve verbal interactions
- Integumentary interactions with other systems
- 5 major types of species interactions
- Kassandra munoz
- Dna-protein interactions
- Opaque materials
- Interaction planning process
- Wave interactions
- Interactions among living things
- Nervous interactions with other systems
- Interactions
- Epistasis types
- Gene interactions
- Regional and transregional interactions
- Microcosmos macrocosmos
- Interactions between atoms occur
- Janssen carepath savings program