Biology 1 Semester Exam Study Guide 2017 The
Biology 1 Semester Exam Study Guide 2017
�The first 17 slides on this study guide focus on scientific investigation. �You will have 25 questions where you will either analyze data in a chart or analyze an experiment. �Know the parts of scientific investigation and choose answers based on the information presented in the experiments or figures.
�Control groups are needed in order to determine the effect of changing variables in an experiment. �There should be 2 groups in an experiment: experimental and control
�An inference is a conclusion based on evidence. �When looking at a diagram, use the evidence given to make a conclusion.
�Scientific observations are made using the 5 senses.
�When studying habits or behaviors of organisms, direct observations are the most accurate means of collecting data.
�A hypothesis is a possible explanation of an observation that can be tested.
�When making a hypothesis based on information in a chart or graph, make sure the hypothesis supports the data in the chart.
�All organisms come from parent organisms. They do not form from spontaneous generation which is the idea that life can come from inanimate objects.
�When using the scientific method, the next step after observation is to form a hypothesis.
�In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is changed by the person doing the experiment. �The dependent variable is the variable that is measured.
�Parts of an experiment: �Independent variable ( only one ) �Dependent variable �Constants ( all variable except for the independent and dependent ). �A control group that receives no treatment.
�A good experiment should have a control group in order to have something to compare experimental data to.
�A change of the independent variable in an experiment will result in a change of the dependent variable.
�A variable that is analyzed in an experiment should be related to observations made before the experiment and the hypothesis being tested.
�The variable that is manipulated and tested in an experiment is the independent variable.
�In an experiment, all variables must remain constant except for the independent and dependent variables.
�An optimal variable will provide the best or most favorable outcome.
�Organisms that have favorable traits are more likely to survive changes in the environment.
�Ionic bonds form from the transfer of electrons between atoms.
�The ability to dissolve many substances is a property of pure water.
�Proteins can form tissues, serve as catalysts, and make up antibodies.
�Water is both cohesive and adhesive. This property allows some insects to stand on the surface of water.
�Lipids are macromolecules found in animal tissue that functions in insulation.
�Enzymes regulate most cellular activities.
�Lipids and carbohydrates are important in cells because both store energy.
�Enzymes act as catalysts that drive chemical reactions forward.
�Carbohydrates are a source of energy. �They are responsible for the production of ATP in cells.
�Enzymes only work with specific substrates because they have a specific activation site for enzyme attachment.
�Enzymes lower the energy of activation for a reaction.
�Overheating can denature an enzyme which will cause it to lose its ability to catalyze a reaction. �Changes in p. H can also denature an enzyme.
�Enzymes can catalyze only one specific type of reaction.
�Photosynthesis and cellular respiration exist in a cycle. �This means that the products of one reaction are needed as reaction in the other reaction.
�Carotenoids are photosynthetic pigments in plants that absorb green light but reflect red, orange, and yellow. �Chlorophyll is a photosynthetic pigment that reflects green light.
�Oxygen is required for aerobic cellular respiration.
�Algae and multicellular plants are autotrophs because they capture sunlight to produce sugars.
�Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plants. �The reactants for photosynthesis: �CO 2 & H 2 O �The products of photosynthesis: �Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6) & O 2
�The energy transferring molecule used by cells is ATP
�Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of cells. �During this process, carbohydrates are converted in ATP
�Proteins are a very diverse group of macromolecules because the different amino acids that can form the proteins can be connected in many different sequences.
�According to the cell theory, new cells are produced by the division of existing cells.
�The fact that new cells are produced from the division of existing cells was essential to the concept that all life forms have cells as basic units.
�Prokaryotes are different from eukaryotes in that prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles.
�The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. �The endoplasmic reticulum can be rough or smooth. �The rough appearance is due to ribosomes on the surface.
�Another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells have a more advanced cellular organization.
�The main structural difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
�The flagellum is the cellular organelle that is associated with movement of the cell.
�The ribosomes are the cellular organelles where protein synthesis occurs. �Proteins are formed by amino acids which are held together by peptide bonds.
�The golgi bodies are the cellular organelles that package proteins into forms the cell can use, store, or expel.
�The cell membrane is the cellular structure that allows the cell to recognize substances in the outside environment.
�The vacuole is the cellular organelle that functions in the storage of water, wastes, and food.
�Chloroplasts and cell walls are two structures that plant cells have that animal cells do not.
�The cytoplasm is the region of the cell that contains the greatest amount of water.
�The fluid mosaic model represents the structure of the cell membrane. �The function of the cell membrane is to control the passage of materials into and out of the cell.
�The main reason the eating salty foods makes a person thirsty is that additional fluid is needed to maintain the fluid balance in cells.
�When there is a lower concentration of water outside of a cell rather than inside the cell, the cell will tend to lose water. �This is due to the movement of water from high to low concentration.
�Protein channels are found scattered throughout the cell membrane. �The function of the protein channels is to allow certain substances to enter or leave the cell.
�During cellular respiration, the largest amount of ATP is produced by the electron transport chain. � 32 ATP are produced during this stage.
�The 4 phases of mitosis in order: �Prophase: chromosomes become visible �Metaphase: chromosomes line up �Anaphase: chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell �Telophase: Cell is divided
�The processes of meiosis and fertilization help ensure the survival of a species by providing each generation with the same number of chromosomes.
Phases of Mitosis
�One strand of DNA could be as long as a football field if it were stretched out. �DNA is able to fit inside the nucleus of a cell because of its ability to coil tightly around associated proteins.
�Gametes or sex cells must be haploid because 2 gametes will unite during fertilization to create a diploid cell.
�During meiosis, homologous chromosomes can exchange DNA is a process called crossing over.
�The processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis are responsible for producing gametes or sex cells with half of the original number of chromosomes.
�Hydrogen bonds are responsible for holding water molecules together. �Then form between the negative charge of the oxygen and positive charge of the hydrogen.
�All cells in an organism have the same DNA. �Cells look and function differently from each other because cell specialization is determined by gene expression.
�Meiosis only occurs in 2 organs in the body: �Testes (male) �Ovaries (female)
�Sexual reproduction results in greater diversity among offspring than asexual reproduction because of new combinations of genes.
Chromosomal Mutations
�The process of DNA replication is necessary before a cell can divide into 2 new cells.
�Proteins are formed by monomers called amino acids.
�Genetic information is unique to each person because of the sequence of DNA nucleotides in cells.
�Tissue samples taken from different structures in the body would have the same DNA. �Differences in cell structure would be a result of different genes being expressed.
DNA / RNA Base Pairing DNA RNA
�m. RNA is responsible for carrying coded information from the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
�The process of transferring genetic information from DNA to m. RNA is called transcription.
DNA Base Pairing
�The weakness of hydrogen bonds between bases of DNA allows base pairs to separate during replication and transcription.
�DNA fingerprints are used for identification. �Matching base sequences are used to identify relationships.
�Scientists classifying animals are most likely to compare the sequence of the animal’s DNA
�The chances of developing certain disorders are higher if a family member also has the disorder if they are genetically based.
�Medicines are being produced using recombinant DNA technology. �The use of this type of technology will result in making more treatments available for medical conditions.
�Recombinant DNA is formed by bringing together genetic material from multiple sources. �A bacteria plasmid is a commonly used host because of the simple structure.
�The process of transcription (DNA to m. RNA) occurs in the nucleus. �The process of translation (m. RNA to protein) occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes.
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