Biology 1 Semester Exam Study Guide 2017 The

Biology 1 Semester Exam Study Guide 2017

�The first 17 slides on this study guide focus on scientific investigation. �You will have 25 questions where you will either analyze data in a chart or analyze an experiment. �Know the parts of scientific investigation and choose answers based on the information presented in the experiments or figures.

�Control groups are needed in order to determine the effect of changing variables in an experiment. �There should be 2 groups in an experiment: experimental and control

�An inference is a conclusion based on evidence. �When looking at a diagram, use the evidence given to make a conclusion.

�Scientific observations are made using the 5 senses.

�When studying habits or behaviors of organisms, direct observations are the most accurate means of collecting data.

�A hypothesis is a possible explanation of an observation that can be tested.

�When making a hypothesis based on information in a chart or graph, make sure the hypothesis supports the data in the chart.

�All organisms come from parent organisms. They do not form from spontaneous generation which is the idea that life can come from inanimate objects.

�When using the scientific method, the next step after observation is to form a hypothesis.

�In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is changed by the person doing the experiment. �The dependent variable is the variable that is measured.

�Parts of an experiment: �Independent variable ( only one ) �Dependent variable �Constants ( all variable except for the independent and dependent ). �A control group that receives no treatment.

�A good experiment should have a control group in order to have something to compare experimental data to.

�A change of the independent variable in an experiment will result in a change of the dependent variable.

�A variable that is analyzed in an experiment should be related to observations made before the experiment and the hypothesis being tested.

�The variable that is manipulated and tested in an experiment is the independent variable.

�In an experiment, all variables must remain constant except for the independent and dependent variables.

�An optimal variable will provide the best or most favorable outcome.

�Organisms that have favorable traits are more likely to survive changes in the environment.

�Ionic bonds form from the transfer of electrons between atoms.

�The ability to dissolve many substances is a property of pure water.

�Proteins can form tissues, serve as catalysts, and make up antibodies.

�Water is both cohesive and adhesive. This property allows some insects to stand on the surface of water.

�Lipids are macromolecules found in animal tissue that functions in insulation.

�Enzymes regulate most cellular activities.

�Lipids and carbohydrates are important in cells because both store energy.

�Enzymes act as catalysts that drive chemical reactions forward.

�Carbohydrates are a source of energy. �They are responsible for the production of ATP in cells.

�Enzymes only work with specific substrates because they have a specific activation site for enzyme attachment.

�Enzymes lower the energy of activation for a reaction.

�Overheating can denature an enzyme which will cause it to lose its ability to catalyze a reaction. �Changes in p. H can also denature an enzyme.

�Enzymes can catalyze only one specific type of reaction.

�Photosynthesis and cellular respiration exist in a cycle. �This means that the products of one reaction are needed as reaction in the other reaction.

�Carotenoids are photosynthetic pigments in plants that absorb green light but reflect red, orange, and yellow. �Chlorophyll is a photosynthetic pigment that reflects green light.

�Oxygen is required for aerobic cellular respiration.

�Algae and multicellular plants are autotrophs because they capture sunlight to produce sugars.

�Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plants. �The reactants for photosynthesis: �CO 2 & H 2 O �The products of photosynthesis: �Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6) & O 2

�The energy transferring molecule used by cells is ATP

�Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of cells. �During this process, carbohydrates are converted in ATP

�Proteins are a very diverse group of macromolecules because the different amino acids that can form the proteins can be connected in many different sequences.

�According to the cell theory, new cells are produced by the division of existing cells.

�The fact that new cells are produced from the division of existing cells was essential to the concept that all life forms have cells as basic units.

�Prokaryotes are different from eukaryotes in that prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles.

�The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. �The endoplasmic reticulum can be rough or smooth. �The rough appearance is due to ribosomes on the surface.

�Another difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells have a more advanced cellular organization.

�The main structural difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

�The flagellum is the cellular organelle that is associated with movement of the cell.

�The ribosomes are the cellular organelles where protein synthesis occurs. �Proteins are formed by amino acids which are held together by peptide bonds.

�The golgi bodies are the cellular organelles that package proteins into forms the cell can use, store, or expel.

�The cell membrane is the cellular structure that allows the cell to recognize substances in the outside environment.

�The vacuole is the cellular organelle that functions in the storage of water, wastes, and food.

�Chloroplasts and cell walls are two structures that plant cells have that animal cells do not.

�The cytoplasm is the region of the cell that contains the greatest amount of water.

�The fluid mosaic model represents the structure of the cell membrane. �The function of the cell membrane is to control the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

�The main reason the eating salty foods makes a person thirsty is that additional fluid is needed to maintain the fluid balance in cells.

�When there is a lower concentration of water outside of a cell rather than inside the cell, the cell will tend to lose water. �This is due to the movement of water from high to low concentration.

�Protein channels are found scattered throughout the cell membrane. �The function of the protein channels is to allow certain substances to enter or leave the cell.

�During cellular respiration, the largest amount of ATP is produced by the electron transport chain. � 32 ATP are produced during this stage.

�The 4 phases of mitosis in order: �Prophase: chromosomes become visible �Metaphase: chromosomes line up �Anaphase: chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell �Telophase: Cell is divided

�The processes of meiosis and fertilization help ensure the survival of a species by providing each generation with the same number of chromosomes.

Phases of Mitosis

�One strand of DNA could be as long as a football field if it were stretched out. �DNA is able to fit inside the nucleus of a cell because of its ability to coil tightly around associated proteins.

�Gametes or sex cells must be haploid because 2 gametes will unite during fertilization to create a diploid cell.

�During meiosis, homologous chromosomes can exchange DNA is a process called crossing over.

�The processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis are responsible for producing gametes or sex cells with half of the original number of chromosomes.

�Hydrogen bonds are responsible for holding water molecules together. �Then form between the negative charge of the oxygen and positive charge of the hydrogen.

�All cells in an organism have the same DNA. �Cells look and function differently from each other because cell specialization is determined by gene expression.

�Meiosis only occurs in 2 organs in the body: �Testes (male) �Ovaries (female)

�Sexual reproduction results in greater diversity among offspring than asexual reproduction because of new combinations of genes.

Chromosomal Mutations

�The process of DNA replication is necessary before a cell can divide into 2 new cells.

�Proteins are formed by monomers called amino acids.

�Genetic information is unique to each person because of the sequence of DNA nucleotides in cells.

�Tissue samples taken from different structures in the body would have the same DNA. �Differences in cell structure would be a result of different genes being expressed.

DNA / RNA Base Pairing DNA RNA

�m. RNA is responsible for carrying coded information from the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

�The process of transferring genetic information from DNA to m. RNA is called transcription.

DNA Base Pairing

�The weakness of hydrogen bonds between bases of DNA allows base pairs to separate during replication and transcription.

�DNA fingerprints are used for identification. �Matching base sequences are used to identify relationships.

�Scientists classifying animals are most likely to compare the sequence of the animal’s DNA

�The chances of developing certain disorders are higher if a family member also has the disorder if they are genetically based.

�Medicines are being produced using recombinant DNA technology. �The use of this type of technology will result in making more treatments available for medical conditions.

�Recombinant DNA is formed by bringing together genetic material from multiple sources. �A bacteria plasmid is a commonly used host because of the simple structure.

�The process of transcription (DNA to m. RNA) occurs in the nucleus. �The process of translation (m. RNA to protein) occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes.