Age of Jackson and Reform Election of 1824

Age of Jackson and Reform

Election of 1824 4 candidates running- All call themselves “Republicans” Andrew Jackson (Tennessee- wins popular vote but not electoral votes) John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts) William Crawford (Georgia- has a stroke, not able to finish) Henry Clay (Kentucky- Big Loser)

Election 1824 cont. No clear winner- no majority 12 th Amendment states that the House of Representatives must choose among the top 3 finishers Clay was the Speaker of the House and in charge of selection- lots of power in his hands Sided with John Q. Adams Hates Jackson JQA was a nationalist and supported the American System Manipulated the voting and secured JQA as president Became the Secretary of State Known as the corrupt bargain Jackson leaves the party

John Q. Adams as President Horrible president Hurt by 3 things: Corrupt bargain Doesn’t reward party members with positions Hatred between Adams and Jackson

Election of 1828 2 new parties emerge: National Republicans (Whigs- Republicans) Clay, John Q. Adams Big on nationalism Throwback to the federalists- Wealthy, pro bank, strong central gov’t, liked business Democrats Jackson, Martin Van Buren Somewhat Jeffersonian- common man, small farmers, city workers Big on mudslinging: Adams on Jackson: mother is a prostitute, duels, wife martial scandal Jackson on Adams: pool tables= gaming tables

Election of 1828 cont. Before the election the right to vote was limited to wealthy, white, landowning men and most Americans were ok with that By 1828, most states had dropped the landowning qualification and more men votedgiving Jackson the edge Political shift away from the conservative eastern seaboard to support from the west and south

Jackson as President Individualistic, temper From the west, didn’t go to college Portrayed as the “common man” but not reallyrich, had lots of slaves and land Suspicious of the federal government rule by the elite Favored states rights At times went against Congress and the Sup. Court

Jackson’s spoils system Spoils System- rewarding political supporters with public office Jackson used this more than anyone before him Threw out former appointees and replaced them with his own friends Fired nearly 10% of federal employees from Adams administration His friends became his primary advisors, called his “kitchen cabinet” B/c they slipped into the White House through the Kitchen

Treatment of Native Americans Most Americans held one of two attitudes towards Indians Displacement and dispossession Convert them to Christianity and absorb them into white culture Since the War of 1812, some southeastern tribes (Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek and Chicksaw-”) had begun to adopt White culture “ 5 civilized tribes”- lived in Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee- all places whites wanted to live

Indian Removal Act 1830 • • • Jackson was not satisfied with the tribes assimilating (becoming more “white”) Felt it was unwise to regard the tribes as separate nations within individual states – Would require too many troops to keep the areas free from white settlers – Only solution was to move them west to Indian Territory in present day Oklahoma Voluntary at first, then they were forcibly removed More than 100, 000 Indians were removed Bureau of Indian Affairs- established in 1836 to administer relations with NA

Cherokee Nation Developed certain aspects of society similar to whites Developed syllabic alphabet and had their own newspaper Cherokee Had a constitution similar to the U. S. and similar electoral system and an agriculture based economy Unfortunately sat on valuable land in NE Georgia Gold discovered in 1829 Land could be used for cotton Cherokee right to the land had been recognized in a treaty of 1791 Many Georgians ignored this

Cherokees Fight Back Cherokee v. Georgia (1831) Cherokee tried to stop GA declaration that Cherokee land was null and void Supreme Court ruled that though Cherokee lacked jurisdiction over land, it was a “domestic dependent, nation” possessing some sovereignty Still not a foreign nation Major blow to Cherokee rights as an independent nation

Cherokee Fight Back cont. Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Cherokee nation teamed up with Samuel Austin Worcester, a missionary who had been teaching Indians w/o a license Court would have to recognize a citizen’s right to be heard John Marshall ruled that GA had no right to regulate the Cherokee nor to invade their lands Jackson’s Response: “John Marshall has made his decision: let him enforce it if he can” Cherokee realized their fate when Jackson ignored the Supreme Court

Trail of Tears 1838 - 18, 000 Cherokees forcibly removed from their homes and marched 1, 000 miles to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) 4, 000 died from malnutrition, exposure, cholera, and harsh treatment Soldiers forced the march with rifles and bayonets Robbed and ransacked on the way

Other Native American Fates 25% of Choctaws died en route to Indian Territory 3, 500 out of 15, 000 Creeks died during removal in 1836 Seminoles forced to merge with Creeks (old enemies) and relocate Waged war on each other in 2 nd Seminole War 1, 500 US soldiers died in the war too

Happy Wednesday!! Pick up an Agenda on the stand in the front and start working on the warm-up on the back Turn in your Indian Removal Act Newspaper Article

Age of Jackson and Reform Andrew Jackson- National Bank

Tariff of 1828 British manufacturers wanted to destroy American competitors by flooding the US market with inexpensive goods after War of 1812 Congress responds by passing a tariff to protect American industries Jackson’s VP John C. Calhoun of South Carolina called it a “Tariff of Abomination” The high tariff on manufactured goods reduced British exports to the US forcing the South to buy more Northern goods (more expensive) North getting rich at South’s expense

States Rights Calhoun had long been known as a nationalist but the tariff situation made him switch his views Calhoun devised a nullification theory which questioned the legality of applying some federal laws in sovereign states Each sovereign state had the right to reject a federal law that it viewed unconstitutional Believed that if the fed gov’t refused to allow state to nullify, the states could leave the Union

Webster-Hanye Debate January 1830 - Senator Robert Hayne (SC) v. Daniel Webster (MA) Hayne supported ability to secede, Webster did not Everyone wanted to know Jackson’s position- “Our Union it must be preserved”

Calhoun responds “The Union, next to our liberty, the most dear; may we all remember that it can only be preserved by respecting the rights of the States and distributing equally the benefit and burden of the Union” Jackson is angry and will not stand for back talk from the states

Peggy Eaton Problem Wife of Secretary of War-Snubbed by the wives of Jackson’s cabinet member (especially Calhoun's wife) Jackson stood up for Peggy (remembered how his wife was treated) Demanded the cabinet to make their wives recognize her Jackson began throwing out Calhoun’s allies in the cabinet Some over exaggerated Eaton Affair as a major cause of the civil war- cause a rift between Jackson and Calhoun

South Carolina rebels SC still angry over “Tariff of Abomination” Tariff of 1832: Jackson tried to lower the tariff of 1828 Still didn’t make South happy SC nullified the Tariff of 1832 Threatened to secede from the Union Henry Clay proposes a compromisereduce tariff by 10% over time

Election of 1832 Henry Clay (National Republican) v. Jackson (Democrat) Anti-Masonic party- First 3 rd party! Attracted evangelical groups

Jacksonian Democracy Aim was to divorce government from the economy (laissez faire) Return to Jeffersonian democracy Give power to the states- equal opportunity

Jackson and the National Bank Distrusted monopolistic banks and huge businesses Bank of US (BUS) was up for recharter Jackson vetoed the Charter “Bank is trying to kill me but I will kill it!” Removed federal deposits from the Bank of US and placed them in 23 “pet banks”- called this b/c of their loyalty to the Democratic Party

Whig Party formed Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Daniel Webster formed a new political party called the Whig Party Backed ideals of the American System Wanted protective tariffs and backed federal control of the banking system Became the foundation of the modern Republican Party

Van Buren picks up the pieces Martin Van Buren wins election of 1836 Beats William Henry Harrison of Whig Party Hand picked by Jackson Major issue to face will be the panic of 1837

Panic of 1837 Causes: over speculation Many of Jackson’s pet banks were wildcat banks Printed more money than they had gold and silver on reserve- no money when people wanted to cash in Causes huge issues when people are buying land Jackson made people pay for land in only gold or silver May 1837 -banks stopped accepting paper money Banks closed and the credit system collapsed Hundred were bankrupt and lost their jobs 1840, Congress established a treasury that only used gold and silver but that made the problem worse

Harrison and Tyler Van Buren lost reelection to William Henry Harrison (Whig) Portrayed Harrison as a war hero and a man of the people and portrayed Van Buren as a pampered aristocrat Actually the opposite Harrison died a month after his inauguration John Tyler (VP) became President and went against the Whig platform- never meant to be Pres.

Happy Tuesday!! Welcome Back!!! Agenda Quick matching quiz on Andrew Jackson- look over your notes!! Notes on Abolition and Reform Study Guide TEST ON THURSDAY!!!

Age of Jackson and Reform Slavery and Abolition

Abolition The movement to outlaw slavery William Lloyd Garrison- one of the most radical white abolitionists-newspaper editor, Boston, MA 1831 - began publishing The Liberator, a newspaper that called for immediate, uncompensated emancipation What does this mean? 1832 -started the American Anti-Slavery Society, a group of white and black members who were committed to ending slavery Alienated some whites by attacking churches and the government for failing to condemn slavery

Free Blacks By 1850, most free blacks in the South worked as day laborers but some held jobs as artisans In the North, only the lowest-paying jobs were open to free blacks Frederick Douglass- abolitionist and escaped slave from Maryland Became a public speaker for the American Anti-Slavery Society Eventually published his own anti-slavery newspaper The North Star

Life Under Slavery By 1830, US had 2 million slaves; by 1860 - 4 million Most slaves had been born in the US, spoke English, and worked on plantations Marriage was allowed but not legally protected by law Why is this significant?

Types of Slavery Plantation (rural) Slavery Slaves worked from dawn to dusk in the fields A white overseer or slave driver was placed in charge of work crews to make sure the slaves worked throughout the day Urban Slavery- some skilled jobs in cities were opened for slaves Mill work, shipping, carpentry, blacksmithing Slave owners hired out their slaves to factory owners Never kept their earnings-went to slave owner

Slave Rebellions Stono Rebellion (1739) REVIEW- 20 slaves in SC tried to escape to Spanish Florida- all captured and killed Gabriel Prosser (1800)-plotted to take over Richmond, VA- Captured and killed Denmark Vesey (1820)- plotted to take over Charleston, SC- he and followers captured and killed before they rebelled What do all of these have in common?

Henry Box Brown

Nat Turner’s Rebellion 1831 - 80 slaves in Virginia attacked several plantations, killing 60 whites State militia captured Turner and his followers Put on trial, convicted and hanged Significance: White on black violence erupted- 200 killed Southern whites determined to defend the institution of slavery Slave codes- state laws passed to restrict slaves’ activities

Age of Jackson and Reform Movements

Second Great Awakening Preachers rejected the 18 century Calvinist belief th that God predetermined one’s salvation or damnation (heaven or hell) Stressed individual responsibility for seeking salvationpeople could improve themselves and society Christians churches competed to proclaim the message of a democratic God- possibility of salvation to anyone Held gatherings call revivals- emotional meeting designed to awaken religious faith

African-American Churches 2 nd Great Awakening brought Christianity to slaves All people, black or white, belonged to the same God Baptist and Methodist churches opened to both races Many interpreted the Christian message as a promise of freedom African Methodist Episcopal Church became a political, cultural and social center

Transcendentalism Philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated truth found in nature and personal emotion and imagination Literary movement that stressed American optimism, freedom, and self reliance Henry David Thoreau lived on the shore of Walden Pond for 2 years Encouraged people to follow their inner voice Tried to create perfect societies (utopia)

Cult of Domesticity Dominant idea of the 1800 s that women should be restricted to housework and child care No political rights Women became socially active in mid 1800 s Providing women with an opportunity to become active outside the home Helped lead to the push for increased women's rights

Prison Reform Dorothea Dix visited jails and was horrified to see that mentally ill people were there Helped pass a law in Massachusetts to improve conditions Between 1845 -1852 Dix persuaded 9 southern states to create separate facilities for the mentally ill Emphasized rehabilitation

Education Reform Before mid 1800 s there was no uniform education policy 1830 s- Americans demand for tax-supported public schools- still optional Horace Mann Established teacher-training programs Instituted curriculum reform and double the money spent on schools By 1850, every state had publicly funded elementary school

Temperance Movement Prohibit the drinking of alcohol Liquor was not only used as a beverage but was given to patients before surgery American Temperance Society was founded in 1826 Held rallies, produced pamphlets and brought about a decline in alcohol consumption

Education for Women 1821 - Emma Willard opened the first academically rigorous school for girls in NY Mount Holyoke Female Seminary- 1873 First women's college Oberlin College- first coeducational college

Women and Health Reform Elizabeth Blackwell- first women to graduate from a medical college in 1849 Opened the New York Infirmary for Women and Children Women’s health was very poor- rarely bathed and little exercise

Women’s Rights Seneca Falls Convention-1848 “Declaration of Sentiments”- listing their grievances Held by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott Fought for equality of men and women Mainly fought for women’s right to vote Sojourner Truth- argued for women's rights and abolition

Workplace Reform Textile factories opened up in the North Women and Immigrants flooded to work in these factories Working conditions were very poor- long days and unsafe conditions Workers conducted strikes-work stoppage Unions were established to fight for working conditions