The Election of 1800 showed that power could

The Election of 1800 showed that power could be peacefully transferred even when the political parties were in disagreement. President John Adams ran against Thomas Jefferson

The Election of 1800 Each candidate received 73 electoral votes so the House of Representatives had to decide the election. Thomas Jefferson won and Aaron Burr became vice president.

The Election of 1800 Jefferson’s belief that a large federal government threatened liberty was similar to the French philosophy known as laissez-faire. policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy

Jefferson’s Presidency Thomas Jefferson repealed all federal internal taxes and funded the government through customs duties. tax on foreign imported goods

Jefferson’s Presidency Jefferson was shut of the judicial appointment process by President Adams’s last-minute appointments to the courts set up by the Judiciary Act of 1801.

Jefferson’s Presidency Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review to help resolve conflicts constitutionally. the right of the Supreme Court to determine if a law violates the Constitution.

Western Territory American pioneers loaded their Conestoga wagons and moved towards the Mississippi river, then the westernmost boundary of the United States. large, broad-wheeled, canvas-covered wagon used by western settlers

Western Territory The Louisiana Territory—the land west of the Mississippi River— belonged to Spain. In 1802 Spain secretly transferred the Louisiana Territory to France.

Western Territory France’s leader, Napoleon Bonaparte , had plans to create empires in Europe and the Americas. A revolt by enslaved Africans and other laborers in the key port of Santo Domingo ended Napoleon’s dream of a Western empire. Needing money to fund his war against Britain, Napoleon agreed to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for $15 million. President Jefferson worried whether the government had constitutional authority to make such a purchase.

Western Territory In 1804 Congress sponsored an expedition to explore the new western territory and search for the Northwest Passage. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led the expedition and were guided by a young Shoshone woman named Sacagawea.

Western Territory Why did Pres. Jefferson choose Lewis and Clark for this expedition? Both men were well-known amateur scientist Both men conducted business w/ Native Am. Lieutenant Zebulon Pike also led expeditions through the upper Mississippi Valley and into present-day Colorado.

Americans on Foreign Seas Pirates made travel by sea dangerous and brought the US into conflict with Tripoli. Because France and Britain were at war, American merchant ships took over much of the transport of goods and profited greatly. Pirates from the Barbary Coast of Africa frequently intercepted ships and demanded tribute in exchange for safe passage. money paid for protection In 1804 Tripoli declared war on the U S for Jefferson’s refusal to pay tribute.

Freedom of the Seas The United States tried to retain neutral rights in the war between Britain and France. the right to sail the seas and not take sides in a war

Freedom of the Seas The British were in desperate need of sailors for their naval war, so they boarded American ships and forced members of their crews to serve in the British navy in a practice known as impressment. forcing people into service, as in the navy

Freedom of the Seas A British attack on an American ship, the Chesapeake, caused Americans to react with violent anti-British feeling. In 1807, Congress passed the Embargo Act, which was an embargo against all foreign trade. an order prohibiting trade with another country Later the Nonintercourse Act, which prohibited trade only with Britain and France, was passed.

War Fever Congress lifted its trade restrictions with France in 1810, but American ships continued to be seized by both the French and British. A Native American confederacy, led by Shawnee chief Tecumseh, wanted to halt the movement of settlers into Native American land. After defeat at the Battle of Tippecanoe, Tecumseh made an alliance with the British.

War Fever A group of young Republicans known as the War Hawks, led by Henry Clay and John Calhoun, wanted President Madison to take a more aggressive stand toward Britain. intense loyalty to one’s nation or group and promotion of its interests above all others The War Hawks’ nationalism appealed to a renewed American patriotism.

War Begins In 1812 the U. S. declared war against Britain, not knowing that the British had decided to change their policy of capturing American ships. Going into war, the military was not prepared for battle and the Americans underestimated the strength of the British and their Native American allies.

The United States used naval frigates and privateers Small warships to battle the British navy. armed private ship licensed to attack merchant ships

The British Offensive After winning their war against France, the British were able to send more forces to America. In August 1814, the British sailed up the Chesapeake River and attacked Washington D. C. burning the Capitol and president’s mansion.

The British Offensive Francis Scott Key, inspired by the American victory in Baltimore, wrote the poem “The Star-Spangled Banner” which became the National Anthem in 1931.

Unable to meet their goal, and a defeat at Lake Champlain, the British decided the war was too costly and unnecessary. A peace agreement known as the Treaty of Ghent was signed in Belgium in 1814. The last battle of the War of 1812, the Battle of New Orleans, was waged after the Treaty of Ghent was signed. After the War of 1812, Americans felt a new sense of patriotism and strong national identity.

The War of 1812