3 Ancient River Valley Civilizations I Characteristics of

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3. Ancient River Valley Civilizations

3. Ancient River Valley Civilizations

I. Characteristics of a Civilization A. INTRODUCTION CIVILIZATION: DEFINITION: A COMPLEX CULTURE FIVE TRAITS

I. Characteristics of a Civilization A. INTRODUCTION CIVILIZATION: DEFINITION: A COMPLEX CULTURE FIVE TRAITS OF CIVILIZATION: (1) ADVANCED CITIES- LARGE POPULATIONS (2) SPECIALIZED WORKERS- PRIESTS, ARTISANS (SKILLED WORKER), MERCHANTS, FARMERS, GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, SOLDIERS (3) COMPLEX INSTITUTIONS- FORMAL GOVERNMENTS, POLYTHEISTIC RELIGIONS, SOCIAL CLASSES, LANGUAGE (4) WRITING SYSTEMS- RECORD KEEPING, BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS, LAWS, EVENTS, CUSTOMS (5) ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY- INVENTIONS (NEW WEAPONS/TOOLS)

I. Characteristics of a Civilization (Pg. 2) B. LOCATION OF THE 1 ST CIVILIZATIONS:

I. Characteristics of a Civilization (Pg. 2) B. LOCATION OF THE 1 ST CIVILIZATIONS: 1)THE NILE RIVER VALLEY IN EGYPT (NORTHERN AFRICA) 2) THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVER VALLEY IN THE MIDDLE EAST (MESOPOTAMIA) 3) THE INDUS RIVER VALLEY IN INDIA 4) THE YELLOW RIVER VALLEY IN CHINA (HUANG HE)

I. Characteristics of a Civilization (Pg. 3) C. IDEAL CONDITIONS FOR THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS:

I. Characteristics of a Civilization (Pg. 3) C. IDEAL CONDITIONS FOR THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS: -THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS WERE LOCATED IN PARTS OF THE WORLD WHERE THE CLIMATE AND CONDITIONS WERE FAVORABLE TO SUPPORT AGRICULTURE -SETTLED IN RIVER VALLEYS THAT PROVIDED (1) SILT FROM RIVERS PRODUCED FERTILE SOIL (2) FRESH WATER FOR CROPS, ANIMALS, PEOPLE (3) EASIER TRANSPORTATION ALONG RIVERS -BEGAN PRODUCING MORE CROPS DUE TO SUITABLE CONDITIONS (SURPLUS) -SPECIALIZED JOBS BEGAN (SOCIAL CLASSES EMERGE) -POPULATION RISE -END OF SUBSIDENCE FARMING (PRODUCING MORE CROPS FOR TRADE)

II. The Egyptian Civilization A. Geography THE GEOGRAPHY OF EGYPT IS DOMINATED BY THE

II. The Egyptian Civilization A. Geography THE GEOGRAPHY OF EGYPT IS DOMINATED BY THE NILE RIVER. ASPECTS OF THE RIVER: 1) THE NILE IS THE LONGEST RIVER IN THE WORLD STRETCHING OVER 4000 MILES. 2) THE RIVER FLOWS FROM SOUTH TO NORTH EVENTUALLY BRANCHING OUT INTO A DELTA, OR A TRIANGULAR AREA OF MARSHY LAND AT THE MOUTH OF THE NILE AND EMPTYING INTO THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA.

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 2) ASPECTS OF THE RIVER: 3) THE NORTHERN AND

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 2) ASPECTS OF THE RIVER: 3) THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN PARTS OF THE NILE ARE BROKEN UP BY A SERIES OF CATARACTS, OR RAPIDS MAKING TRANSPORTATION NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE 4) HOWEVER, MOST OF THE NILE IS A SMOOTH STEADY FLOW OF WATER PROVIDED MUCH NEEDED WATER AND A NATURAL ROUTE FOR TRANSPORTATION.

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 3) ASPECTS OF THE RIVER: 5) AFTER THE HEAVY

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 3) ASPECTS OF THE RIVER: 5) AFTER THE HEAVY RAINS, THE NILE WOULD FLOOD LEAVING RICH FERTILE SOIL BEHIND. EGYPTIAN FARMERS WOULD PLANT THEIR CROPS AFTER THE FLOODS RECEDED AND HARVESTED THE CROPS BEFORE THE FLOODS CAME BACK.

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 4) GEOGRAPHIC PROTECTION: -THE DESERTS AND SEAS SURROUNDING THE

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 4) GEOGRAPHIC PROTECTION: -THE DESERTS AND SEAS SURROUNDING THE NILE RIVER VALLEY PROVIDED PROTECTION FROM INVADERS. -ONLY THE SINAI PENINSULA FORMED A LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN EGYPT (AFRICA) AND THE MIDDLE EAST THAT PROVIDED A ROUTE FOR TRADE AND THE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS.

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 5) B. EARLY EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATIONS: - -OVER THE CENTURIES,

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 5) B. EARLY EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATIONS: - -OVER THE CENTURIES, TWO DISTINCT CULTURES DEVELOPED ALONG THE NILE. THEY FORMED TWO KINGDOMS; (1) LOWER EGYPT (LOWER ELEVATION) NORTHERN EGYPT IN THE NILE DELTA REGION (2) UPPER EGYPT (HIGHER ELEVATION) SOUTHERN EGYPT AROUND 3200 BC, MENES, A KING OF UPPER EGYPT, UNITED ALL OF EGYPT INTO ONE KINGDOM. MENES FOUNDED A DYNASTY, OR FAMILY OF RULERS. MENES AND HIS SUCCESSORS MADE EGYPT WEALTHIER AND MORE POWERFUL THROUGH INCREASED TRADE AND GAINED MORE TERRITORY.

MENES

MENES

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 6) HISTORIANS DIVIDE THIS TIME SPAN INTO THREE KINGDOMS:

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 6) HISTORIANS DIVIDE THIS TIME SPAN INTO THREE KINGDOMS: 1) THE OLD KINGDOM 2) THE MIDDLE KINGDOM 3) THE NEW KINGDOM

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 8) 1)THE OLD KINGDOM - THE OLD KINGDOM HAS

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 8) 1)THE OLD KINGDOM - THE OLD KINGDOM HAS ALSO BEEN CALLED THE PYRAMID AGE. A) CONSTRUCTION OF THE PYRAMIDS - THE ANCIENT PYRAMIDS SERVED AS TOMBS FOR THE PHARAOHS. -THE EGYPTIANS BELIEVED THAT, AS A GOD, THE PHARAOH NEEDED A SUITABLE HOUSE FOR HIS SPIRIT IN THE AFTERLIFE. -THOUSANDS OF LABORERS WORKED MANY YEARS TO COMPLETE THESE STRUCTURES. -THE HUGE EXPENSE OF BUILDING THESE PYRAMIDS EXHAUSTED THE EGYPTIAN WEALTH. GRADUALLY, THE POWER OF THE LEADERS WEAKENED.

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 9) 2) THE MIDDLE KINGDOM -LOWER CLASS GAINED MORE

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 9) 2) THE MIDDLE KINGDOM -LOWER CLASS GAINED MORE RIGHTS (I. E. COULD HAVE THEIR BODIES MUMMIFIED WHICH BELIEVED GAVE THEM SAME ACCESS TO THE AFTERLIFE AS THE UPPER CLASS) -CONSTRUCTED CANAL THAT LINKED THE NILE TO THE RED SEA THAT HELP TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION -TRADE EXPEDITIONS TO OTHER CIVILIZATIONS

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 10) 3)THE NEW KINGDOM EMPIRE DEFINITION: GROUP OF TERRITORIES

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 10) 3)THE NEW KINGDOM EMPIRE DEFINITION: GROUP OF TERRITORIES OR PEOPLE CONTROLLED BY ONE RULER IMPORTANT RULERS A) QUEEN HATSHEPSUT 1 ST WOMEN RULER KNOWN TO WORLD HISTORY

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 11) B) THUTMOSE III - GREAT MILITARY LEADER -

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 11) B) THUTMOSE III - GREAT MILITARY LEADER - EXPANDED EGYPT TO ITS LARGEST SIZE - CONQUERED PALESTINE AND SYRIA ALONG THE EASTERN COAST OF THE MEDITERREAN SEA

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 12) C) AMENHOTEP IV -CONTROVERSIAL LEADER THAT CHANGED THE

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 12) C) AMENHOTEP IV -CONTROVERSIAL LEADER THAT CHANGED THE TRADITIONAL RELIGION OF EGYPT -HE WANTED THE EGYPTIANS TO WORSHIP ATON. -HE ALSO WANTED THE EGYPTIANS TO BECOME A MONOTHEISTIC RELIGION RATHER THAN A POLYTHEISTIC RELIGION MONOTHEISTIC-BELIEF IN ONE GOD POLYTHEISTIC-BELIEF IN MANY GODS

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 13) D) RAMSES II -LAST GREAT RULER OF THE

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 13) D) RAMSES II -LAST GREAT RULER OF THE NEW KINGDOM - HE RULED FOR 67 YEARS E) QUEEN CLEOPATRA -AFTER THREE HUNDRED YEARS, SHE TRIED TO RESTORE EGYPT’S GREATNESS. - CLEOPATRA WAS THE LAST EGYPTIAN PHARAOH. -IN 31 BC, THE ROMAN EMPIRE TOOK CONTROL OF EGYPT AND EGYPT BECAME A PROVINCE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

B. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 14) C. EGYPTIAN LIFE AND CULTURE 1) WRITING SYSTEM

B. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 14) C. EGYPTIAN LIFE AND CULTURE 1) WRITING SYSTEM -BY 3000 BC, THEY DEVELOPED HIEROGLYPHICS -THE EGYPTIANS BEGAN TO WRITE ON PAPYRUS, REED-LIKE PLANT DRIED AND FLATTENED.

B. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 15) 2) CALENDAR -BASED ON THE MOVEMENTS OF THE

B. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 15) 2) CALENDAR -BASED ON THE MOVEMENTS OF THE SUN IN ORDER TO BETTER PREDICT THE FLOODING OF THE NILE. - THEIR CALENDAR CONSISTED OF 12 MONTHS OF 30 DAYS EACH. -THE REMAINING FIVE DAYS EACH YEAR WERE RESERVED FOR HOLIDAYS. -TO KEEP TRACK OF THE YEARS, EGYPTIANS COUNTED THE YEARS OF THEIR RULER’S REIGN.

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 16) 3) RELIGION -POLYTHEISTIC RELIGION, WHERE EACH GOD CONTROLLED

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 16) 3) RELIGION -POLYTHEISTIC RELIGION, WHERE EACH GOD CONTROLLED SOME ASPECT OF THE NATURAL WORLD. -THE EGYPTIAN LIFE CENTERED AROUND RELIGION AND HOW THE GODS AFFECTED THE NATURAL WORLD. -THE MOST IMPORTANT GOD WAS AMON OR AMON-RE, THE CREATOR WHICH WAS IDENTIFIED WITH THE SUN.

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 17) 4) GOVERNMENT -EGYPT’S RULERS WERE RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 17) 4) GOVERNMENT -EGYPT’S RULERS WERE RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL LEADERS, AND WERE VIEWED AS THE SON OF THE MOST POWERFUL GOD, AMON-RE. -THE RULER TOOK THE TITLE OF PHARAOHS HELD ABSOLUTE OR UNLIMITED POWER. -WITH THIS ABSOLUTE POWER, PHAROAHS ORGANIZED A STRONG, CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT. -THE PHARAOH DIVIDED THE KINGDOM INTO PROVINCES AND APPOINTED OFFICIALS TO SUPERVISE THEM.

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 18) 5) EDUCATION -FOCUSED MAINLY ON AN ELITE GROUP

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 18) 5) EDUCATION -FOCUSED MAINLY ON AN ELITE GROUP OF PEOPLE CALLED SCRIBES, OR CLERKS. -SCRIBES LEARNED TO READ AND WRITE SO THEY COULD WORK FOR THE GOVERNMENT. -SCHOOLS WERE USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE RELIGIOUS TEMPLES. -THE EGYPTIANS USED A MATH SYSTEM SIMILAR TO THE DECIMAL SYSTEM USED TODAY. -THE EGYTIANS USED FRACTIONS AND WHOLE NUMBERS. THEY USED GEOMETRY TO HELP BUILD THE PYRAMIDS.

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 19) 6) SOCIETY -EGYPTIAN SOCIAL CLASSES WERE RIGIDLY DIVIDED.

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 19) 6) SOCIETY -EGYPTIAN SOCIAL CLASSES WERE RIGIDLY DIVIDED. -PEOPLE IN THE LOWER CLASS ALMOST NEVER ENTERED THE RANKS OF THE UPPER CLASS. -WOMEN, HOWEVER, ENJOYED MANY LEGAL RIGHTS. THEY RANKED AS EQUALS TO THEIR HUSBANDS IN MANY SOCIAL AND BUSINESS AFFAIRS. -THE PHARAOH OWNED ALL THE LAND THE PEASANTS HAD TO GIVE A MAJORITY OF THEIR CROPS TO THE PHARAOH AS PART OF THEIR RENT AND TAXES. -TRADE WAS TIGHTLY CONTROLLED BY THE GOVERNMENT.

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 20) 6. SOCIETY- (CONTINUED) -EGYPTIANS TRADED THEIR SURPLUS FOOD

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 20) 6. SOCIETY- (CONTINUED) -EGYPTIANS TRADED THEIR SURPLUS FOOD WITH OTHER CULTURE FOR DIFFERENT GOODS. -AS TRADE INCREASED, A NEW CLASS OF PEOPLE KNOWN AS MERCHANTS EMERGED. -MERCHANTS FORMED CARAVANS OR GROUPS OF PEOPLE TRAVELING TOGETHER FOR SAFETY OVER LONG DISTANCES. -THEY WERE THE FIRST PEOPLE TO BUILD SHIPS AND SAIL THE MEDITERRANEAN AND RED SEAS.

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 21) 7. AFTERLIFE -AT FIRST, EGYPTIANS BELIEVED THAT ONLY

II. The Egyptian Civilization (Pg. 21) 7. AFTERLIFE -AT FIRST, EGYPTIANS BELIEVED THAT ONLY PHARAOHS HAD AN AFTERLIFE. -LATER, THEY BELIEVED THAT EVERYONE, INCLUDING ANIMALS, HAD AN AFTERLIFE. -THEY BELIEVED THAT IN THE AFTERLIFE THE PERSON’S LIFE WAS JUDGED. -THE PERSONS’ HEART WOULD TELL WHETHER A PERSON LIVED A GOOD OR BAD LIFE. -IF A PERSON WAS GOOD, THE PERSON WOULD ENTER A PLACE OF ETERNAL HAPPINESS.

II. THE EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (Pg. 22) 7. THE AFTERLIFE (CONTINUED) -EGYPTIANS BELIEVED THAT THE

II. THE EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (Pg. 22) 7. THE AFTERLIFE (CONTINUED) -EGYPTIANS BELIEVED THAT THE BODY HAD TO BE PRESERVED TO MAKE LIFE AFTER DEATH POSSIBLE. -TO DO THIS, THEY DEVELOPED A PROCESS CALLED MUMMIFICATION DEFINITION-PROCESS BY WHICH THE DECEASED BODY WAS PREPARED FOR THE AFTERLIFE. -ORGANS WERE REMOVED FROM THE BODY AND THEN TREATED WITH CHEMICALS. -THE BODY WAS PLACED IN A TOMB STOCKED WITH CLOTHING, FOOD, WEAPONS AND ANYTHING ELSE THE PERSON WOULD NEED IN THE AFTERLIFE. -THE NUMBER AND VALUE OF THE OBJECTS IN THE TOMB DEPENDED ON THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PERSON.

Mummification Process n n n 1. Pull brain out of nose using a hook

Mummification Process n n n 1. Pull brain out of nose using a hook 2. Make a cut on the left side of the body near the tummy 3. Remove all internal organs 4. Let the internal organs dry 5. Place internal organs inside clay jars except for heart 6. Place the heart back inside the body 7. Rinse inside of body with wine and spices 8. Cover the corpse with salt for 70 days 9. After 40 days stuff the body with linen or sand to give it a more human shape 10. After the 70 days wrap the body from head to toe in bandages 11. Place in coffin

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS A. GEOGRAPHY “CROSSROADS OF THE WORLD” – CONTAINS LAND ROUTES TO

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS A. GEOGRAPHY “CROSSROADS OF THE WORLD” – CONTAINS LAND ROUTES TO THREE CONTINENTS; ASIA, AFRICA AND EUROPE.

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 2) MESOPOTAMIA- “LAND BETWEEN TWO RIVERS” -THE TWO RIVERS THAT

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 2) MESOPOTAMIA- “LAND BETWEEN TWO RIVERS” -THE TWO RIVERS THAT DOMINATE THE MIDDLE EASTERN REGION ARE THE 1) TIGRIS RIVERS 2) EUPHRATES RIVERS. -THEY FLOW FROM THE MOUNTAINS OF ASIA MINOR TO THE PERSIAN GULF. -IN THE SPRING OR EARLY SUMMER, MELTING SNOWS FROM THE MOUNTAINS CAUSE THE RIVERS TO FLOOD. - HOWEVER, UNLIKE THE NILE, THE FLOODS ARE UNPREDICTABLE CAUSING ENORMOUS DAMAGE.

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 3) FERTILE CRESCENT -FERTILE AREA OF LAND CREATED BY THE

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 3) FERTILE CRESCENT -FERTILE AREA OF LAND CREATED BY THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS THAT STRETCHES IN A LARGE ARC FROM THE PERSIAN GULF TO THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA.

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 4) GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS -THE MIDDLE EAST HAS FEW NATURAL BARRIERS.

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 4) GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS -THE MIDDLE EAST HAS FEW NATURAL BARRIERS. -BECAUSE OF THIS FACTOR, INVADERS FREQUENTLY OVERRAN THE REGION. -ALSO, VARIOUS GROUPS BEGAN TO MIGRATE INTO THE MIDDLE EAST. -THESE FACTORS LED TO CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND MADE IT DIFFICULT TO UNITE THE AREA UNDER A SINGLE RULER. -ONE ADVANTAGE TO DIVERSITY WAS THAT THIS CONSTANT CONTACT BETWEEN DIFFERENT PEOPLES LED TO AN EXCHANGE OF IDEAS THAT LED TO FURTHER ACHIEVEMENTS KNOWN AS CULTURAL DIFFUSION

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 5) B. THE SUMERIANS CITY-STATE: DEFINITION: FUNCTIONED AS AN INDEPENDENT

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 5) B. THE SUMERIANS CITY-STATE: DEFINITION: FUNCTIONED AS AN INDEPENDENT COUNTRY IN WHICH THEY DEVELOPED THEIR OWN GOVERNMENTS YET SHARING THE SAME CULTURE -THE TWO MOST FAMOUS SUMERIAN CITY-STATES WERE 1) UR 2) KISH -EACH CITY-STATE CONTAINED A ZIGGURAT, A PYRAMID SHAPED TEMPLE TO A PARTICULAR GOD.

SUMERIAN ZIGGURAT

SUMERIAN ZIGGURAT

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 6) FORM OF GOVERNMENT -THE EARLY GOVERNMENT’S WERE CONTROLLED BY

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 6) FORM OF GOVERNMENT -THE EARLY GOVERNMENT’S WERE CONTROLLED BY THE TEMPLE PRIESTS. THIS FORM OF GOVERNMENT IS KNOWN AS A THEOCRACY. DEFINITION: TYPE OF GOVERNMENT THAT IS CONTROLLED BY RELIGIOUS LEADERS ( OR LEADERS THAT WERE BELIEVED TO BE GODS)

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 7) CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS -SUMERIAN SCRIBES INVENTED A WRITING SYSTEM CALLED

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 7) CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS -SUMERIAN SCRIBES INVENTED A WRITING SYSTEM CALLED CUNEIFORM, OR WEDGE SHAPED WRITING -THE SUMERIAN CITY STATES GREW EXTREMELY WEALTHY THROUGH TRADING THEIR SURPLUS FOOD FOR NEEDED SUPPLIES

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 7) 3) THE AKKADIANS -AROUND 2350 BCE, THE AKKADIANS LED

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 7) 3) THE AKKADIANS -AROUND 2350 BCE, THE AKKADIANS LED BY THEIR LEADER, SARGON, CONQUERED THE SUMERIAN CITY-STATES. -EVENTUALLY, THEY TOOK CONTROL OF BOTH NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIAN CREATING HISTORY’S FIRST EMPIRE DEFINITION: GROUP OF TERRITORIES OR CULTURES CONTROLLED BY ONE RULER -THE AKKADIANS CONTROLLED THE MIDDLE EAST FOR OVER 200 YEARS -THE DYNASTY DECLINED DUE TO INTERNAL FIGHTING, INVASIONS AND FAMINE.

SARGON

SARGON

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 8) 4. THE BABYLONIANS - AROUND 2000 BCE, NOMADIC WARRIORS

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 8) 4. THE BABYLONIANS - AROUND 2000 BCE, NOMADIC WARRIORS INVADED MESOPOTAMIA AND CONQUERED THE AKKADIANS. -THESE WARRIORS ESTABLISHED THEIR CAPITAL, BABYLON, ON THE EUPHRATES RIVER. -THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE REACHED ITS PEAK DURING THE REIGN OF HAMMURABI.

C. Middle Eastern Civilizations (Pg. 8) HAMMURABI

C. Middle Eastern Civilizations (Pg. 8) HAMMURABI

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION (Pg. 9) HAMMURABI’S CODE-1 ST WRITTEN LAW CODE IN WORLD HISTORY

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION (Pg. 9) HAMMURABI’S CODE-1 ST WRITTEN LAW CODE IN WORLD HISTORY -A COLLECTION OF EXISTING LAWS, JUDGMENTS AND RULES THAT FORMED A SINGLE UNIFORM CODE OF LAWS WOULD HELP UNIFY THE DIVERSE CULTURES WITHIN HIS EMPIRE. -THE LAW CODE LISTS 282 SPECIFIC LAWS DEALING WITH EVERY ASPECT OF LIFE INCLUDING FAMILY RELATIONS, BUSINESS CONDUCT, PROPERTY, CRIME AND PROTECTION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN.

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 10) MAIN PRINCIPLES OF THE CODE: -ALTHOUGH THE CODE APPLIED

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 10) MAIN PRINCIPLES OF THE CODE: -ALTHOUGH THE CODE APPLIED TO EVERYONE, IT SET DIFFERENT PUNISHMENTS FOR THE RICH AND THE POOR. -THE MAIN PRINCIPLE THAT GUIDED THE CODE WAS BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF RETALIATION FOR CRIMES COMMITTED. (EYE FOR AN EYE, TOOTH FOR A TOOTH)

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 11) 5. OTHER CONQUERORS A) HITTITES -A WARLIKE PEOPLE FROM

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 11) 5. OTHER CONQUERORS A) HITTITES -A WARLIKE PEOPLE FROM ASIA MINOR THAT INVADED THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES VALLEY AROUND 1600 BCE AND TOOK CONTROL OF BABYLON. -THEIR MOST IMPORTANT ADVANCEMENT WAS THAT THEY HAD IRON WEAPONS AND TOOLS.

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (PG. 12) B) ASSYRIANS -FIERCE WARRIORS FROM THE NORTHERN MIDDLE EAST.

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (PG. 12) B) ASSYRIANS -FIERCE WARRIORS FROM THE NORTHERN MIDDLE EAST. -AROUND 700 BCE, THE ASSYRIANS COMPLETELY DESTROYED BABYLON. THEY ESTABLISHED THE CITY OF NINEVEH ON THE TIGRIS RIVER, THEIR CAPITAL. -NINEVEH CONTAINED A GREAT LIBRARY IN WHICH ASSYRIAN SCHOLARS KEPT LITERATURE AND OTHER WORKS FROM THROUGHOUT THE MIDDLE EAST.

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (PG. 13) C) CHALDEANS -DEFEATED THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE TO GAIN CONTROL

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (PG. 13) C) CHALDEANS -DEFEATED THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE TO GAIN CONTROL OF MESOPOTAMIA. -DURING THE REIGN OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR, THE CHALDEANS REBUILT THE CITY OF BABYLON. THE CHALDEANS MADE HUGE ADVANCEMENTS IN ASTRONOMY. -THEY BELIEVED THAT THE POSITIONS OF THE STARS AND PLANETS DETERMINED THEIR FATES. -AFTER THE DEATH OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR, THE CHALDEANS SUFFERED THROUGH A SERIES OF CIVIL WARS.

HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON

HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 14) D) THE PERSIANS -THE PERSIANS RAPIDLY BECAME A POWERFUL

III. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS (Pg. 14) D) THE PERSIANS -THE PERSIANS RAPIDLY BECAME A POWERFUL FORCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST. -THE PERSIANS TOOK CONTROL OF EGYPT, ASIA MINOR, MESOPOTAMIA AND PARTS OF INDIA. -TO ENSURE PROPER COMMUNICATION WITHIN THEIR EMPIRE, THE PERSIANS GREATLY IMPROVED THE SYSTEM OF ROADS. -THE IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM INCREASED TRADE. -IN 331 BCE, A WEAKENED PERSIAN EMPIRE WAS DEFEATED BY THE GREEKS.

IV. INDUS RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS A. GEOGRAPHY 1) INDIAN SUBCONTINENT - SEPARATED IN THE

IV. INDUS RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS A. GEOGRAPHY 1) INDIAN SUBCONTINENT - SEPARATED IN THE NORTH FROM THE REST OF ASIA BY THE HINDU MOUNTAINS IN THE WEST AND THE HIMALAYAS IN THE EAST. - MADE IT DIFFICULT FOR IMMIGRANTS, MERCHANTS AND INVADERS TO ENTER INDIA BY LAND - THIS ISOLATION LED TO THE INDIAN CULTURE BEING VERY UNIQUE AND DIFFERENT FROM THE OTHER CIVILIZATIONS. (LITTLE CULTURAL DIFFUSION)

IV. INDUS RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS (PG. 2) 2. RIVERS - GANGES/BRAHMAPUTRA RIVERS IS IN

IV. INDUS RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS (PG. 2) 2. RIVERS - GANGES/BRAHMAPUTRA RIVERS IS IN EASTERN INDIA - INDUS RIVER IS IN WESTERN INDIA 3. MONSOONS - SEASONAL WINDS THAT CHANGE DIRECTIONS THROUGHOUT THE YEAR - WHEN THE MONSOONS COME FROM THE NORTH, IT BRING ABOUT THE DRY SEASON ( WINTER SEASON: NOVEMBER TO MARCH) - WHEN THE MONSOONS COME FROM THE SOUTH, IT BRING ABOUT THE WET SEASON ( SUMMER SEASON: MID-JUNE TO OCTOBER)

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 3) B. INDIAN CIVILIZATIONS 1. INDUS RIVER VALLEY

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 3) B. INDIAN CIVILIZATIONS 1. INDUS RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS -ESTABLISHED ALONG THE INDUS RIVER VALLEY -ESTABLISHED THE CITIES OF HARAPPA AND MOHENJO-DARO -WELL-PLANNED CITIES THAT WERE THE FIRST TO HAVE WIDE STRAIGHT STREETS THAT DIVIDED AREAS INTO SQUARE CITY BLOCKS -RULED BY A PRIEST-KING THAT HEADED THE GOVERNMENT OF EACH CITY -ALSO KNOWN AS THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 4) 2. MAURYAN EMPIRE - IN 321 BCE,

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 4) 2. MAURYAN EMPIRE - IN 321 BCE, CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA UNITED THE NORTHERN TRIBES OF INDIA INTO ONE UNIFIED EMPIRE DEFINITION- GROUPS OF RELATED FAMILIES UNDER ONE LEADER THAT SHARE THE SAME CULTURE -THE MAURYAN EMPIRE WAS DIVIDED UP INTO FOUR PROVINCES EACH RULED BY A PRINCE -EACH PROVINCE WAS THEN DIVIDED IN TO LOCAL DISTRICTS, WHOSE OFFICIALS ASSESSED TAXES AND ENFORCED LAWS

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 5) 3. GUPTA EMPIRE -AFTER THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 5) 3. GUPTA EMPIRE -AFTER THE MAURYAN EMPIRE DECLINED, INDIA ENTERED 500 YEARS OF INVASION AND TURMOIL -IN NORTHERN INDIA AROUND 320 CE, OR COMMON ERA CHANDRA GUPTA BEGAN TO ESTABLISH INDIA’S SECOND EMPIRE -DURING THE GUPTA EMPIRE, THE INDIAN CIVILIZATION BEGAN TO GROW AND PROSPER -BY 415 BCE, THE GUPTA EMPIRE BEGAN TO BREAK APART INTO SMALLER KINGDOMS -EVENTUALLY, INDIA WAS OVERRUN BY INVADING CENTRAL ASIAN NOMADS. - THE GUPTA EMPIRE ENDED BY 535 CE.

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 6) C. INDIAN CULTURE 1. INDIAN SOCIETY -DEVELOPED

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 6) C. INDIAN CULTURE 1. INDIAN SOCIETY -DEVELOPED A WRITTEN LANGUAGE CALLED SANSKRIT THAT WAS MOSTLY USED BY PRIESTS TO RECORD ANCIENT TEXTS -FAMILIES ORGANIZED INTO EXTENDED FAMILIES DEFINITION: FAMILY INCLUDES HUSBAND, WIFE, UNMARRIED CHILDREN, ELDER GRANDPARENTS, MARRIED SONS AND THEIR FAMILIES -THE OLDEST MALE (FATHER) HELD MOST OF THE FAMILIES RESPONSIBILITIES

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 7) 2. ROLE OF WOMEN -AS THE INDIAN

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 7) 2. ROLE OF WOMEN -AS THE INDIAN CIVILIZATION DEVELOPED, THE STATUS OF WOMEN DECLINED -EVENTUALLY WOMEN BECAME SUBORDINATE TO MEN -MARRIAGES WERE ARRAIGNED BY HER FATHER

3. SOCIAL CLASS PYRAMID KSHATRIYAS BRAHMAS VAISYAS SUDRAS

3. SOCIAL CLASS PYRAMID KSHATRIYAS BRAHMAS VAISYAS SUDRAS

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 8) 4. SOCIAL CLASSES KSHATRIYAS- WARRIOR CLASS (2)

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IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 9) E. CASTE SYSTEM DEFINITION HIGHLY STRUCTURED SOCIAL

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 9) E. CASTE SYSTEM DEFINITION HIGHLY STRUCTURED SOCIAL GROUPS BASED ON BIRTH -AS THE CASTE SYSTEM EVOLVED, A STRICT SET OF RULES EMERGED THAT PROHIBITED MARRIAGES BETWEEN MEMBERS OF DIFFERENT CASTES - OVER 3, 000 CASTES DEVELOPED - OUTSIDE THE CASTE SYSTEM WERE THE UNTOUCHABLES, OR IMPURE. THEY HAD THE LOWEST STATUS IN SOCIETY

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 10) 6. ECONOMY - ANCIENT INDIA ECONOMY CAN

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 10) 6. ECONOMY - ANCIENT INDIA ECONOMY CAN BEST BE DESCRIBED AS A TRADITIONAL ECONOMY DEFINITION ECONOMY BASED ON AGRICULTURE THAT USES PRIMITIVE TOOL AND PRIMITIVE TECHNIQUES -FIRST TO GROW COTTON AND COTTON CLOTH BECAME A MAJOR ITEM IN TRADE

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 10) 7. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS -HINDUISM IS A COLLECTION

IV. Indus River Valley Civilizations (Pg. 10) 7. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS -HINDUISM IS A COLLECTION OF TRADITIONAL INDIAN BELIEFS THAT DEVELOPED SLOWLY OVER TIME -BUDDHISM DEVELOPED LATER IN INDIA -BOTH RELIGIOUS BELIEFS ARE TIGHTLY WOVEN INTO INDIAN SOCIETY

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization A. - - GEOGRAPHY THE EARLY CHINESE CIVILIZATION SETTLED ALONG

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization A. - - GEOGRAPHY THE EARLY CHINESE CIVILIZATION SETTLED ALONG THE YELLOW RIVER VALLEY THE WINTER WINDS AND THE RIVER FLOOD WATERS DEPOSIT LOESS DEFINITION; FERTILE YELLOW SOIL RIVER OF SORROWS YELLOW RIVER NICKNAME BECAUSE OF ITS IRREGULAR FLOOD PATTERNS AND PERIODS OF DROUGHT HAVE CAUSED MANY DEATHS AND DESTRUCTION

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 2) GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS -HIMALAYAS AND OTHER MOUNTAIN RANGES

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TIBET (HIMALAYAS) ROOFTOP OF THE WORLD

TIBET (HIMALAYAS) ROOFTOP OF THE WORLD

GOBI DESERT

GOBI DESERT

YELLOW SEA & SOUTH CHINA SEA

YELLOW SEA & SOUTH CHINA SEA

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 3) -CONCEPT OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM - RESULT

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 3) -CONCEPT OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM - RESULT OF GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS - ETHNOCENTRIC BELIEF THAT THE CHINESE CONSIDERED THEMSELVES UNIQUE AND THEIR CULTURE WAS THE CENTER OF THE WORLD - FOREIGN INFLUENCE WAS LIMITED - FOREIGNERS WERE CONSIDERED BARBARIC -DEFINITION (ETHNOCENTRISM) - BELIEF THAT ONES’S OWN ETHIC GROUP OR CULTURE IS SUPERIOR THAN ALL OTHERS

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 4) B. SHANG GOVERNMENT -1 ST DYNASTY OF

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 4) B. SHANG GOVERNMENT -1 ST DYNASTY OF CHINA THAT LASTED FROM 1700 BCE TO AROUND 1027 BCE -SHANG KING RULED OVER THE CAPITAL CITY WHILE THE NOBLES GOVERNED THE OTHER LANDS (CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT) -NOBLES PAID TRIBUTE AND PLEDGED MILITARY SERVICE TO THE KING - THIS HELP SHANG RULERS RAISE ARMIES TO FIGHT AGAINST NOMADS

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 5) 1. SYSTEM OF WRITING - DEVELOPED A

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 5) 1. SYSTEM OF WRITING - DEVELOPED A SYSTEM OF WRITING THAT USED SYMBOLS AND PICTURES TO REPRESENT WORDS, PHRASES AND IDEAS - OVER 10, 000 CHARACTERS ARE USED IN THE CHINESE SYSTEM OF WRITING 2. BELIEF SYSTEM - POLYTHEISTIC RELIGION - POWER OF GODS CONTROLLED NATURE - PRACTICED ANCESTOR WORSHIP OR BELIEF THAT ONE’S ANCESTOR CAN BRING GOOD FORTUNE - PRIESTS USED ORACLE BONES TO TELL THE FUTURE; BONES WERE CRACKED WITH HEAT AND THEN CRACKS WERE INTERPRETED

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 6) 3. ACHIEVEMENTS - INVENTED BRONZE TO MAKE

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 6) 3. ACHIEVEMENTS - INVENTED BRONZE TO MAKE WEAPONS, ARMOR VASES USED FOR RELIGIOUS RITUALS - PRODUCED SILK TEXTILES AND PORCELAIN - MANY DEVELOPMENT IN MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 7) C. ZHOU DYNASTY (CHOU) -DEFEATED THE SHANG

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 7) C. ZHOU DYNASTY (CHOU) -DEFEATED THE SHANG DYNASTY AND TOOK OVER CHINA; DYNASTY LASTED FROM 1122 BCE TO 256 BCE -IN ORDER TO JUSTIFY THEIR TAKEOVER DEVELOPED THE IDEA OF THE “MANDATE OF HEAVEN”

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 8) 1. MANDATE OF HEAVEN -BELIEF THAT A

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 8) 1. MANDATE OF HEAVEN -BELIEF THAT A DYNASTY ENJOYED HEAVEN’S BLESSING ONLY IF THEY RULED WISE AND JUSTLY -IF A RULER WAS CRUEL, HEAVEN WITHDREW THE MANDATE, OR RIGHT TO RULE -IF THE KING PUTS HIS SELF INTERESTS ABOVE THE WELL-BEING OF THE PEOPLE THEN HE WILL LOSE THE MANDATE OF HEAVEN -NATURAL DISASTERS AND INVASIONS WOULD REVEAL A RULER’S FAILURE TO PLEASE HEAVEN -ONCE A KING LOST THE MANDATE OF HEAVEN, PEOPLE COULD REBEL AGAINST THE RULER AND START A NEW DYNASTY -THIS RISE AND FALL OF DYNASTIES BECAME KNOWN AS THE DYNASTIC CYCLE

Dynastic Cycle in China (Mandate of Heaven) THE NEW DYNASTY -MEETS THE NEEDS OF

Dynastic Cycle in China (Mandate of Heaven) THE NEW DYNASTY -MEETS THE NEEDS OF ITS PEOPLE -RESTORES PEACE AND ORDER -REBUILDS INFASTRUCTURE -RESTORES THE MILITARY AFTER SEVERAL GENERATIONS THE NEW DYNASTY BECOMES AN AGING DYNASTY THE AGING DYNASTY - NEGLECTS THE NEEDS OF ITS PEOPLE - CORRUPTION - HEAVY TAXES - INFASTRUCTURE DECAYS - MILTARY BREAKDOWN PROBLEMS NEW DYNASTY CLAIMS THE MANDATE OF HEAVEN RESULTS IN REVOLU TION -NATURAL DISASTERS -INVASIONS AGING DYNASTY LOSES THE MANDATE OF HEAVEN

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 9) 2. ZHOU GOVERNMENT - ORGANIZED INTO A

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 9) 2. ZHOU GOVERNMENT - ORGANIZED INTO A COMPLEX FORM OF GOVERNMENT CALLED A BUREAUCRACY -DEFINTION SYSTEM OF ORGANIZING GOVERNMENT INTO SMALLER MANAGEABLE DEPARTMENTS

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 10) 3) HAN DYNASTY -RULED CHINA FOR MORE

V. Ancient Chinese Civilization ( Pg. 10) 3) HAN DYNASTY -RULED CHINA FOR MORE THE 400 YEARS FROM 202 BCE TO 200 CE -CREATED CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION SYSTEM AND ESTABLISHED THE SILK ROAD DEFINTION (SILK ROAD) -MAIN TRADE ROUTE THAT LINKED CHINA WITH WESTERN CULTURES -BROUGHT IN NEW PRODUCTS TO CHINA AND CULTURAL DIFFUSION BETWEEN BOTH CIVILIZATION -SPREAD OF BUDDHISM TO CHINA FROM INDIA