Early River Valley Civilizations 4 River Valley Civilizations
- Slides: 36
Early River Valley Civilizations
4 River Valley Civilizations • Mesopotamia – Tigris – Euphrates • Egypt – Nile River Valley (upper and lower Nile) • Indus River • Early China – Huang He (Yellow River) – later civilizations focused on both Yangtze and Yellow Rivers
Mesopotamia: The Land Between Two Rivers Greek Name
The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”
Natural Boundaries Unfavorable • Both rivers overflow in an unpredictable manner – The time of year could not be predicted. – The magnitude of turbulence of the flooding could not be predicted. • The area is called a "crossroad" because everyone who traveled or traded between Europe, Africa, and Asia traveled through this region, sometimes taking what they wanted
Gave rise to multiple empires within the general region that controlled different territory but had similar culture
Sumerians
“Necessity is the mother of invention” • Developed the wagon wheel to help transport people and goods from place to place. • Sumerian achievements in mathematics and astronomy formed the basis for concepts we use today. – number system based on 60. – division of the modern hour into 60 minutes is a holdover from Sumerian astronomy. – geometry was used to measure fields and to erect buildings in much the same fashion that it is used for those purposes today.
Babylonian Math
Babylonian Numbers
Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing
Cuneiform Writing
Hammurabi’s [r. 1792 -1750 B. C. E. ] Code
Egypt: “Gift of the Nile”
Nile River Valley • Because of its geography Egypt developed to become a peaceful civilization with a higher standard of living. People as individuals were treated with more respect here than in other civilizations of the time. • The Nile River Valley is Surrounded on Four Sides by Natural Barriers – – Red Sea to the East Desert to the West Mediterranean to the North Mountains to the South
A View of Egypt by Satellite
“Gifts of the Nile” • Predictable flooding • Mild flooding - able to use river for irrigation • Prevailing winds made trade possible both north and south on the river • Rich deposits of clay, granite, sandstone & limestone used for building • Silt deposits rich for farming • Papyrus used for mats, rope, sandals, baskets, paper
The Fertile Nile Valley
The Annual Flooding of the Nile
Ancient Egyptian History Periods Time Frame Nile Culture Begins Archaic 3900 B. C. E. 3100 – 2575 B. C. E. Old Kingdom First Intermediate Middle Kingdom 2575 – 2134 B. C. E. 2134 – 2040 B. C. E. 2040 – 1640 B. C. E. Second Intermediate New Kingdom Greek Ptolemaic Era Roman Period 1640 – 1532 B. C. E. 1532 – 1070 B. C. E. 332 – 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.
Champollion & the Rosetta Stone
Mummification - Remove Organs - Fill with spices - Wrap in linen strips - Seal with honey/resin
Egyptian Mummies Seti I 1291 -1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210 -1200 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279 -1212 B. C. E.
Indus River Valley • Harappa & Mohenjo. Daro 2600 - 1900 BCE • subcontinent of Asia: water on east and west, mountain ranges on north – Hindu Kush and Himalayas • southwest monsoon brings heavy rain and flooding
Ancient Geographic Divisions in South Asia
Indus River Valley • well-planned, citadels, grid of streets • clay brick houses, plumbing with sewer system • bronze and copper tools, gold and silver jewels, clay pots, spun and woven cloth
Drains & Sewer Systems
Development of Region • Early Food Producing Era (7000 - 5000 BCE) • Regionalization Era, (5500 -2600 BCE) – regional cultural development – subdivided into various areas – emergence of an Early Indus state 2800 BCE and urbanization 2600 BCE
Aryan Invasion Theory • Sometime between 2500 and 1800 BCE – Aryans began moving into India – Apparently NOT the cause of the fall of Indus Civilization; probably fell by “systems failure” – Farmers without written language; spoke Indo-European languages
Huang He
Geography • Himalayas, Kunlun Shan, Tian Shan • Gobi desert • Pacific Ocean to east – Therefore travel, transport, and communications are SLOW! • Loess – winds deposit this yellowish soil in the water which accumulates on the banks to produce fertile soil
Xia (Cha) 2100 BCE – 1800 BCE • The Xia were agrarian people, with bronze weapons and pottery. • The ruling families used elaborate and dramatic rituals to confirm their power to govern. • The rulers often acted as shamans, communicating with spirits for help and guidance • Validity of what we know of these peoples is difficult because of myths.
Ancient Dynasties • Xia (first) 2100 BCE – 1800 BCE • Shang 1750 – 1027 BCE Mandate of Heaven • Zhou (longest) 1027 – 221 BCE Confucianism during Axial Age (ca. 500 BCE) • Qin 221 – 207 BCE – China gets its name from this dynasty
Shang: 1750 -1027 BCE • Made Silk and Bronze • Warrior aristocracy • Beginnings of feng shui • Writing – pictograms and phonetic symbols = hundreds of signs • King is intermediary between people and gods • Used divination to determine will of gods
Zhou: 1027 -221 BCE • Defeated Shang king • King is “son of heaven” and ruled with a “mandate of heaven” • King maintained rule as long as wise and virtuous • 771 BCE – 481 BCE – political fragmentation • 480 – 221 BCE – Warring States Period
Zhou – 3 ideologies • Beginnings of legalism – every aspect of human society should be controlled because people are wicked • Beginnings of Confucianism – duty and public service, veneration of ancestors, hierarchy • Beginnings of Daoism – follow the Dao, or path, avoid useless struggle and violence, simplicity
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