World Civilizations The Global Experience AP Seventh Edition

World Civilizations The Global Experience AP® Seventh Edition Chapter 10 Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 10. 1 This 15 th-century miniature shows Russia’s King Vladimir I being baptized in Cherson in the year 988. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Chapter Overview I. Civilization in Eastern Europe II. The Byzantine Empire III. The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity IV. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe V. The Emergence of Kievan Rus' World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

TIMELINE 100 C. E. to 1400 C. E. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Civilization in Eastern Europe • The Power of the Byzantine Empire – Emperor Constantine § 4 th century C. E. , Constantinople § Empire divided • Capitals at Rome and Constantinople § Greek language official from 6 th century – Interregional trading hub – Christianity World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Byzantine Empire • Justinian's Achievements – Justinian § Attempts reconquest of Italy § Slavs, Persians attack from east § Building projects • Hagia Sophia § Legal codification § Belisarius • Gain temporary capital, Ravenna World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Map 10. 1 The Byzantine Empire Under Justinian’s ambitious expansion exhausted his treasury, and the empire had lost all its holdings outside the northeastern Mediterranean within 50 years after his death. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 10. 2 Dazzling mosaics from the early period of the Byzantine empire illustrate some of the highest achievements of Byzantine religious art. This mosaic features a rather militant Christ the Redeemer. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Byzantine Empire • Arab Pressure and the Empire's Defenses – Center of empire shifts to east – Constant external threats § Arab Muslims § Greek fire § Bulgars • Defeated by Basil II, 11 th century World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Women and Power in Byzantium Istanbul, St. Sophia, Mosaic in the South Tribune: Christ with the Empress Zoë, who is presenting him with a scroll listing her donations to the church, and her consort, Monomachus, who is offering him a purse containing gold coins. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Byzantine Empire • Byzantine Society and Politics – Empress Theodora – Emperors resemble Chinese rulers § Court ritual § Head of church and state – Sophisticated bureaucracy § Open to all classes – Provincial governors World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Byzantine Empire • Byzantine Society and Politics – Economic control § Regulation of food prices, trade § Silk production – Trade network § Asia, Russia, Scandinavia, Europe, Africa – Arts § Creativity in architecture § Icons World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 10. 3 A view of the interior of the Hagia Sophia, or St. Sophia—the Church of Holy Wisdom—in what is today the city of Istanbul. This magnificent church was built 532 – 537 C. E. under the reign of the Emperor Justinian. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity • The Schism – Separate paths – Patriarch Michael § 1054, attacks Catholic practice – Mutual excommunication – Differences in ideas of scholarship World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 10. 4 Just as theologians through the centuries have worked to understand Christ’s message, so too have artists struggled to capture his image. This powerful mosaic of Christ at the Church of Chora in Istanbul was created in the first part of the 14 th century. Notice the difference between this image and the images of Christ common in Western Christianity, which place more emphasis on suffering and less on divine majesty. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 10. 5 The Byzantine empire developed a distinctively stylized religious art, adapted from earlier Roman painting styles and conveying the solemnity of the holy figures of the faith. This illustration from a 14 th-century manuscript features the holy women at the sepulchre of Christ. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity • The Empire's Decline – Period of decline from 11 th century – Seljuk Turks § Take most of Asian provinces § 1071, Manzikert • Byzantine defeat – Slavic states emerge World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity • The Empire's Decline – Appeal to West brings crusaders § 1204, Venetian crusaders sack Constantinople – 1453, Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks § 1461, empire gone World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Map 10. 2 The Byzantine Empire, 1000– 1100 The Byzantine empire went from a major to a minor power in the period portrayed on this map. After the Turkish defeat at Manzikert in 1071, the Byzantines maintained effective control of only a small fringe of Anatolia. In the Balkans, new Serbian, Bulgarian, and Hungarian states grew powerful, despite the Byzantines’ claim to control of the region. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Eastern and Western Europe: The Problem of Boundaries • Difficult border area between East and West – Defined by mainstream culture § Orthodox vs. Catholic territories – Defined by politics § Regional kingdoms – Defined by economic structure § Trade patterns did not unite • Intensified divisions World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe • Cyril, Methodius to Slavs – Cyrillic script • The East Central Borderlands – Competition from Catholics and Orthodox Greeks – Catholics § Czechs, Hungary, Poland § Regional monarchies prevail – Jews from western Europe World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Map 10. 3 East European Kingdoms and Slavic Expansion c. 1000 Beginning around the 5 th century C. E. , the Slavs moved in all directions from their lands around the Pripet River in what is today Ukraine and Belarus. Their migrations took them from the Baltic Sea to the Oder River and down to the Adriatic and Aegean seas. The arrival of the Hungarians in the 9 th and 10 th centuries prevented the Slavs from unifying. The arrival of the Hungarians in the 9 th and 10 th centuries complicated the Slavic holdings, tending to separate Russians and Slavs in the Balkans. Still, the various Salvic peoples dominated a vast territory in eastern Europe. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Emergence of Kievan Rus' • New Patterns of Trade – Slavs from Asia § Iron working, extend agriculture § Mix with earlier populations § Family tribes, villages § Kingdoms § Animistic World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Emergence of Kievan Rus' • New Patterns of Trade – 6 th, 7 th centuries § Scandinavian merchants § Trade between Byzantines and the North – c. 855, monarchy under Rurik § Center at Kiev World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Emergence of Kievan Rus' • New Patterns of Trade – Vladimir I (980 -1015) § Converts to Russian Orthodoxy § Controls church – Yaroslav World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Emergence of Kievan Rus' • Institutions and Culture in Kievan Rus' – Influenced by Byzantine patterns – Orthodox influence § Ornate churches § Icons § Monasticism World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Emergence of Kievan Rus' • Institutions and Culture in Kievan Rus' – Art, literature dominated by religion, royalty – Free farmers predominant – Boyars, landlords § Less powerful than in the West World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Emergence of Kievan Rus' • Kiev – Built by Dneiper River – Trade center – Christianity § Mass baptism in 988 § Church building – Largest city in Europe in 1200 World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Emergence of Kievan Rus' • Kievan Decline – Decline from 12 th century § Rival governments § Succession struggles – Asian conquerors – Mongols (Tatars) § 13 th century, take territory § Traditional culture survives World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Emergence of Kievan Rus' • The End of an Era in Eastern Europe – Mongol invasions usher in new period – East and West further separated World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved