Unit 8 Mastering the U S History and

Unit 8: Mastering the U. S. History and Government Regents Day 1 “You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink. ”

Geography of the U. S. • Natural harbors contributed to the development of cities. • Appalachian Mountains = Proclamation of 1763 or the border established by Great Britain in order to avoid conflicts between American colonists and Native Americans. • What is so important about the Great Plains or the relatively flat, grassy region of the U. S. between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains? Agriculture! • I say LOUISIANNA PURCHASE, you say MISSISSIPPI RIVER! • I say LOUISIANNA PURCHASE, you say NEW ORLEANS!

What does “colonial America” mean? 1600 1700 “colonial America” British established 13 colonies in the America 1800 United States 1900 The colonies declare independence (July 4, 1776) British citizens or “subjects” NO MORE COLONIES! NO MORE SUBJECTS OF THE BRITISH CROWN!

What is a colony? Maybe call it Virginia! A colony is an area under the full or partial control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

Will e ventu ally be come … The United States of America

TRIANGULAR TRADE = a term used to describe the trade occurring between England, Africa, and the Americas.

Mercantilism -The government should control economic activity -Trade should be controlled so that more exports should exceed imports ( i. e. the country sells more goods than it has to buy from other countries)

Geography as well as climate greatly affected people’s livelihoods in the English colonies. New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies

Southern Colonies Geography/Climate = Warm temperatures and regular rainfall Rich and fertile soil Economy based on = Large-scale farming (plantations) Rice, tobacco, indigo (north) Cotton (south) * Large-scale farming = large population of slaves/indentured servants

New England/Northern Colonies Geography/Climate = Rocky soil Dense forests Coastal waters Economy based on = Small-scale farming Timber (shipbuilding) Cod, halibut, shellfish, whale, oysters, etc… * Absence of large-scale farming = very few slaves/indentured servants

Middle Colonies Geography/Climate = River valleys rich and fertile Growing season longer than in New England region Economy based on = Medium-scale farming (Wheat, barley and rye) Raised cattle and pigs Urban employment * Slaves/indentured servants most often worked as house servants

SLAVE POPULATION AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL POPULATION OF ORGINIAL THIRTEEN COLONIES, 1770 Colony Slave Population Percentage New Hampshire 654 1% Massachusetts 4, 754 2% Connecticut 5, 698 3% Rhode Island 3, 791 6% New York 19, 062 12% New Jersey 8, 220 7% Pennsylvania 5, 561 2% Delaware 1, 836 5% Maryland 63, 818 32% Virginia 187, 600 42% North Carolina 69, 600 35% South Carolina 75, 168 61% Georgia 15, 000 45&

Colonial Government Virginia House of Burgesses/Mayflower Compact/Town Hall Meetings = Early colonial efforts at self-government. They are contributed to the development of representative democracy. What is representative democracy? Citizens allow others — usually elected officials — to represent them in government (i. e. the processes of legislation or lawmaking).

Independence Here We Come

Role of the colonies is to serve the interests of the mother country

X X I’m so frustrated by these laws! Am I the only one? I guess I’m the only one. X a colonist from Virginia

The french and indian war 1754 -1763 (62 years after the Salem Witch Trials)

Disputes over land in the Ohio River Valley between the British and the French led to what became known as the French and Indian War?

Who is involved? Britain and her colonies : Wanted to acquire more land, expand trade, and annoy the French Indians of Ohio River Valley: Wanted to keep their land France: Wanted to stop the British from intruding on their territory

In the end… With the help of the powerful Iroquois nations the British (and the colonists) won the French and Indian War

What conclusion can you draw from the maps below about the effect of the French and Indian War? 1754 (Prior to Seven Years’ War) 1763 (After the Seven Years’ War)

Why is the French and Indian War Important? Great Britain was left in massive debt, so they needed to tax the colonies in order to pay for the war.

NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!

Colonist from New England Colonist from the Middle Colonies Southern Colonist SCREW THE BRITISH!

TO DECLARE INDEPENDENCE OR NOT TO DECLARE INDEPENDENCE? Thomas Paine’s Common Sense (a pamphlet) My point is simple Use your brain It’s “Common Sense” Wrote Thomas A Greg Original: Paine

The D of I Wrote Thomas J Goodbye Great Britain Hello U. S. A. Another Greg Original: Written by Thomas Jefferson who was influenced by the writers of the Enlightenment. Takes ideas from John Locke’s theory of natural rights.

Now that the colonies were no longer apart of the British government, the newly created American states needed to quickly put into place a new government. Ahhhh! Who’s in charge? This is complete anarchy!

First Attempt: We will call this first American Constitution The Articles of Confederation WHY CALL IT THIS? Article: a particular section in a written document, such as contract, constitution or treaty. Confederation: a loose union of independent states

TS N ME N O G E AT R VE ST 3 1 AND 1 NATIONAL GOVERNMENT = Each state will have its own government with a governor elected by the citizens of that state. 1 BRANCH called CONGRESS Each state will send representatives to a Confederation Congress. Each state will have one vote in Congress. I have an idea!

Shay’s Rebellion = Central Govt. too weak to handle national problems

Success of the Articles of Confederation = It provided a system for governing the Western territories and a process for admitting new states to the Union = Northwest Ordinance (1787)

Second Attempt = U. S. Constitution Wanted to prevent tyranny! Disagreements led to Compromises Great Compromise Created a bicameral legislature (two houses) 3/5 Compromise Determined that 3/5 of the slave population would be counted for rep. in the House.

To RATIFY (to confirm by expressing approval) or not to RATIFY? Feelings about the U. S. Constitution Major Argument(s): Key Figures: FEDERALISTS ANTI-FEDERALISTS Supported the Constitution Opposed the Constitution With its checks and balances and division of power, the Constitution guarded against tyranny. James Madison Alexander Hamilton It’s missing a Bill of Rights! National government too strong and the states too weak. Patrick Henry

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Bottom of page 7 Branch What is their Who? main responsibility? Legislature Makes the laws Executive Carries out the laws House of Reps: # 1) To lay and collect taxes of reps. per state is 2) To declare war based on the 3) Clause 18 gives Congress population of the power to make laws state as needed – sometimes called the elastic clause Senate: 2 Senators per state • • • President Vice President’s Cabinet (unwritten Constitution) Judicial Interprets the laws Powers Supreme Court (nine justices including one Chief Justice) 1) 2) 3) 4) Head of the armed forces Power to grant pardons Appoint ambassadors Veto or approve bills Term Limits House of Reps. : Term = 2 years Senate: Term = 6 years President Term = 4 years (no more than 2 terms (22 nd Amendment) Judicial Review – power of A justice serves the Supreme Court to decide for life. whether acts of a President or laws passed by Congress are constitutional (Marbury vs. Madison)

Constitutional Principle How does this principle guard against tyranny? Example of this principle in action: Popular Sovereignty The government serves the people The people elect public – the people have the final authority officials by voting in free and in government. frequent elections. Limited Government The people limit the power of the government by spelling out with the government may not do Bill of Rights Separation of Powers Separate of divide power between 3 branches each with their own responsibilities and powers The legislative branch makes the laws and the judicial branch interprets them. Federalism Power is divided equally between the states and the national government The national government can maintain a military while the state governments can make regulations for marriage. Checks and Balances Each branch of the federal government has some way to check, control, the other two branches. Passing a law, President nominates a justice to the Supreme Court and the Senate approves him or her.