World Civilizations The Global Experience AP Seventh Edition

World Civilizations The Global Experience AP® Seventh Edition Chapter 12 The Americas on the Eve of Invasion World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 12. 1 The great Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan was established on an island in the midst of a large lake. Connected to the shores by causeways, supplied with fresh water by an aqueduct, it housed a population estimated to be over 150, 000. Early Spanish observers compared its canals to Venice and were fascinated by its markets and gardens. To the Aztecs it was the center of political and spiritual power, or as they called it, “the foundation of heaven. ” World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Chapter Overview I. Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000– 1500 C. E. II. Aztec Society in Transition III. Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas IV. The Other Peoples of the Americas World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

TIMELINE 900 C. E. to 1450 C. E. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000– 1500 C. E. • Teotihuacan collapses, 700 s – Toltec culture • The Toltec Heritage – Rule extended to Yucatan, Maya lands, c. 1000 – Commercial influence to American Southwest § Possibly Mississippi, Ohio valleys World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 12. 2 Toltec political and cultural influence spread from its capital at Tula in northern Mexico to places as far south as Chichén Itzá in Yucatan. The colossal statues of warriors shown here served as columns that supported the roof of a great temple. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000– 1500 C. E. • The Aztec Rise to Power – Toltec collapse, c. 1150 § Caused by northern nomads? – Center moves to Mexico valley § Lakes used for fishing, farming, transportation – Aztecs in, early 14 th century § Begin as mercenaries, allies § 1325, found Tenochtitlan § Dominate by 1434 World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Map 12. 1 Central Mexico and Lake Texcoco An aquatic environment at the heart of the Aztec empire. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000– 1500 C. E. • The Aztec Social Contract – Transformation to hierarchical society – Service of gods pre-eminent § Sacrifice increased § Source of political power – Moctezuma II § Head of state and religion World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000– 1500 C. E. • Religion and the Ideology of Conquest – Spiritual and natural world seamless § Hundreds of deities § Three groups • Fertility, agriculture, water – Tlaloc • Creator gods • Warfare, sacrifice – Huitzilopochtli – Aztec tribal god – Identified with sun god World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 12. 3 Human sacrifice was practiced by many Mesoamerican peoples, but the Aztecs apparently expanded its practice for political and religious reasons. This image shows Aztec priests cutting out their victims’ hearts and then rolling the bodies down the steps of the pyramid. (Ms. Magliabechiano: sacrificio umano azteco. Biblioteca Nazionale Firenze. Scala/Art Resource, NY. ) World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000– 1500 C. E. • Religion and the Ideology of Conquest – Nezhualcoyotl – Sacrifice § Motivated by religion or possibly terror – Cyclical view of history World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 12. 4 This Aztec stone calendar is about 12 feet across and 4 feet thick, and it weighs about 24 tons. It was unearthed accidentally by construction crews in Mexico City in 1790. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Postclassic Mesoamerica 1000– 1500 C. E. • Feeding the People: The Economy of the Empire – Agriculture § Chinampas, man-made floating islands • High yield § Farming organized by clans – Markets § Daily market at Tlatelolco • Controlled by pochteca, merchant class § Regulated by state World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Aztec Society in Transition • Society increasingly hierarchical • Widening Social Gulf – Calpulli § Transformed from clans to groupings by residence § Distribute land, labor § Maintain temples, schools § Basis of military organization World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Aztec Society in Transition • Widening Social Gulf – Noble class develops from some calpulli § Military virtues give them status § Serf-like workers on their lands – Social gaps widen § Imperial family at head of pipiltin – Calpulli of merchants World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 12. 5 In the militarized society of the Aztec empire, warriors were organized into regiments and groups distinguished by their uniforms. They gained rank and respect by capturing enemies for sacrifice. Note the symbolic gripping of the defeated captives’ hair as a sign of military success. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Aztec Society in Transition • Overcoming Technological Constraints – Women have various roles § Can own property § No public roles – Elite polygamy § Most monogamous – Lacked the wheel, suitable animals for power World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Aztec Society in Transition • A Tribute Empire – Speaker § One rules each city-state – Great Speaker § Rules Tenochtitlan § Prime Minister powerful – Subjugated states could remain autonomous § Owe tribute, labor World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas • Tihuanaco, Huari (c. 550 -1000 C. E. ) – After 1000, smaller regional states • Chimor (900 -1465) – North coast of Peru World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas • The Inca Rise to Power – Cuzco area § Quechua-speaking clans (ayllus) § Huari § Control regions by 1438, under Pachacuti – Topac Yupanqui § Son of Pachacuti § Conquered Chimor § Rule extended to Ecuador, Chile World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas • The Inca Rise to Power – Huayna Capac § Furthers conquests of Topac Yupanqui § 1527, death • Twantinsuyu (empire) – From Colombia to Chile – To Bolivia, Argentina World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Map 12. 2 Inca Expansion Each ruler expanded the empire in a series of campaigns to increase wealth and political control. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Visulizing the Past Archeological Evidence of Political Practices Chan-Chan covered more than 2 square miles. It contained palace compounds, storehouses, residences, markets, and other structures. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Visulizing the Past Archeological Evidence of Political Practices City of Chan-Chan. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas • Conquest and Religion – Split inheritance § Power to successor § Wealth, land to male descendants § Result is continual conquest World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas • Conquest and Religion – Religion § Sun god supreme • Represented by ruler (Inca) • Temple of the Sun at Cuzco § Local gods survive • Huacas World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas • The Techniques of Inca Imperial Rule – Inca § Rules from Cuzco § Governors of four provinces § Bureaucracy § Local rulers (curacas) – Unification § Quechua § Forced transfers World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas • The Techniques of Inca Imperial Rule – Military § System of roads, way stations (tambos), storehouses – State § Redistributive economy § Mita • Building, irrigation projects World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas • The Techniques of Inca Imperial Rule – Gender cooperation § Ideology of complementarity of sexes § Also seen in cosmology • Inca's senior wife links state to moon – Yanas World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Map 12. 3 The Ancient Cities of Peru The Inca system of roads, with its series of tambos, linked major towns and cities and allowed rapid communication and troop movement. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The "Troubling" Civilizations of the Americas • Inca socialism and despotism • Cultural clash with the west – Violent customs § Ritual torture, human sacrifice – Moral judgment – West has history of sacrifice but deems it "barbaric" in Aztecs • Cannibalism – Possibly due to lack of cattle, sheep World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas • Inca Cultural Achievements – Metallurgy – Knotted strings (quipu) § Accounting – Monumental architecture – Organization of labor World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 12. 6 This Inca sculpture, made of gold, portrays one of the mamaconas, or “chosen women, ” who served as concubines to the Inca emperors. The wool of her cloak is woven in a classic Inca design. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas • Comparing Incas and Aztecs – Similarities § Built on earlier empires § Excellent organizers § Intensive agriculture under state control § Redistributive economy § Kinship transformed to hierarchy § Ethnic groups allowed to survive World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas • Comparing Incas and Aztecs – Differences § Aztecs have better developed trade, markets § Metallurgy § Writing systems § Social definition, hierarchy World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Other Peoples of the Americas • Great variety elsewhere • How Many People? – Larger densities in Mesoamerica, Andes – Compared § China, India: 75– 150 million § Europe: 60– 70 million § Americas: est. 60– 70 million World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Table 16. 1 Population Estimate for the Western Hemisphere, 1492 Sources: William M. Deneven, The Native Population of the Americas in 1492 (1976), 289 – 292; John D. Durand, “Historical Estimates of World Population, ” Population and Development Review 3 (1957): 253– 296; Russell Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival (1987). World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Table 16. 2 World Population, c. 1500 Sources: William M. Deneven, The Native Population of the Americas in 1492 (1976), 289 – 292; John D. Durand, “Historical Estimates of World Population, ” Population and Development Review 3 (1957): 253– 296; Russell Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival (1987). World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Other Peoples of the Americas • Differing Cultural Patterns – Caribbean islands § Some similar to Polynesian societies – c. 1500 § 200 languages in North America § Mississipian mounds abandoned § Anasazi descendants along Rio Grande World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 12. 7 Taos Pueblo, in the foothills of what is now New Mexico. The pueblos of the Rio Grande Valley were based on agriculture and the concentration of population in urban areas. This reflected a number of the traditions of the older Native American cultures of the southwestern United States. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Other Peoples of the Americas • American Indian Diversity in World Context – Two great imperial systems by 1500 § Mesoamerica and the Andes weakened § Technologically behind Europeans World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved