1 Water Services Network Management Grellan Mc Grath

1 Water Services Network Management Grellan Mc. Grath Steven Blennerhassett RPS Consulting Engineers

Mizen Footbridge 2

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5 World Water Day – 22 nd March “When the well is dry, we know the value of water” – Benjamin Franklin

6 World Water Day – 22 nd March

A Brief History of Cork City’s Water Supply § 1762 - Cork Pipe Water Company Established Timber distribution pipes, 20 ft long – 2 ½” to 3” ø § 1856 - Cork Bridges, Waterworks and Improvement Act § 1857 - Cast iron mains introduced – network extended. § 1879 – Filter tunnel constructed § 1911 - “intense waste water campaign” due to efforts of city engineer and inspectors reduced consumption from 70 to 38 gal/p/d (172 l/p/d) § 1928 – Sand filters installed § 1940’s - new high level reservoir built as an unemployment relief scheme § 1956 – New filters and sedimentation plant 7

8 Network Planning Review & Improve Define / Review Levels of Service Financial Plan Management Plan Water Network Management Demand Assessment Collect Network Asset Data Improvement Options Capacity Assessment

9 Network Planning Levels of Service Define / Review Levels of Service Statutory l Water Quality – SI 278/2007 Customer l Service Pressures -15 to 40 m Head Other Service Standards l Leakage - Economic Level l Fireflows – 8 to 75 l/s depending on area served l Service Storage - 24 hr

10 Network Planning Demand Assesment Current Demand - Water Audit Demand Assessment

11 Network Planning Demand Assesment Current Demand - Water Audit Accounted for Water (AFW) Distribution Input (DI) Measured or assessed lergitimate water use Domestic Demand Households x Occupancy x pcc Permanent Domestic Seasonal Domestic Non-Domestic Demand Metered consumption Operational Use – 2% of DI Unaccounted for Water (UFW) = DI - AFW Peaking Factor – Average Day/Peak Week Demand Assessment

12 Network Planning Demand Assesment Current Demand Management l Reduce water losses Demand Assessment l Reduce water consumption

13 Network Planning Demand Assesment Current Demand Management Future Demand l Population growth (25 -Year Horizon) Demand Assessment - Top Down: Planning guidelines, CSO - Bottom Up: Availability of zoned land l Demand – Domestic demand as per audit using projected pcc, losses etc. - Non-domestic demand growth in line with domestic - UFW in line with level of service objectives.

14 Network Planning Asset Data - National Water Study 2000 l l l Length of network (size, age, material, condition, performance) Number/capacity of pumping stations Number and total volume of storage reservoirs Value of total asset (Modern Equivalent Asset (MEA) value) Value of assets to be replaced over next 5 years (MEA value) Annual operating and maintenance costs. Collect Network Asset Data

15 Network Planning Asset Capacity Assessment Demand / Capacity Projected Demand Range Capacity Shortfall Rated Asset Capacity Expected Time Range of Deficit 0 - 5 Yrs 5 - 10 Yrs 10 - 15 Yrs 15 - 20 Yrs Design Horizon Capacity Assessment 20 - 25 Yrs

16 Network Planning Asset Capacity Assessment Demand / Capacity Increased Asset Capacity Rated Asset Capacity Expected Time Range of Deficit 0 - 5 Yrs 5 - 10 Yrs 10 - 15 Yrs 15 - 20 Yrs Design Horizon Capacity Assessment 20 - 25 Yrs

17 Network Planning Improvement Options Assess Capacity Requirement Can it be satisfied by Operational Optimisation? Yes No Can it be satisfied by Rehab/renewal option? Yes No Can it be satisfied by Augmentation Option? Yes No Can it be satisfied by Upgrade/Replacement? Improvement Options Yes Proceed with selected option

Network Planning 18 Management Plan l Asset Inventory – As per NWS l Operational Plan – Summary of primary objectives in the operational plan and any sub-plans Management Plan l Maintenance Plan – Summary of the planned asset maintenance. l Rehabilitation/Renewal Plan – Summary of the planned asset rehabilitation/renewal activities. l Asset Replacement – Summary of the planned asset replacement.

19 Network Planning Financial Plan Water Services Expenditure Requirements Funding for Loan Repayment Funding for System Growth Sustainable level of expenditure to cover future investment needs Funding for Service Enhancement Funding for Historic Under-investment Asset Depreciation Interest Expenditure (if any) Operation and Maintenance Expenditure Just covering cash costs Covering cash costs and providing for maintaining current asset condition – no planning for the future

20 Network Planning Review & Improve Levels of Service Demand for Water Services Asset Management Finance

Legislation 21 European Communities (Drinking Water) (No. 2) Regulations 2007 S. I. No. 278 of 2007 Came into immediate effect on 12 June 2007

Legislation 22 Ensure Quality (Regulation 4) Table A Microbiological Parameters No. Parameter Value (no. /100 ml) 1 Escherichia coli (E. coli) 0 2 Enterococci 0

Legislation 23 Table B Chemical Parameters Ensure Quality (Regulation 4) No. Parameter Value (μg/l) 3 Acrylamide 0. 10 4 Antimony 5. 0 5 Arsenic 10 6 Benzene 1. 0 7 Benzo(a)pyrene 0. 01 8 Boron 9 Bromate 10 10 Cadmium 11 Chromium 12 No. Parameter Value (μg/l) Lead – to 24/12/13 25 Lead – from 25/12/13 10 18 Mercury 1. 0 19 Nickel 20 20 Nitrate 50 mg/l 5. 0 21 Nitrite 0. 5 mg/l 50 22 Pesticides 0. 1 Copper 2. 0 mg/l 23 Pesticides Total 0. 5 13 Cyanide 50 24 PAH 0. 1 14 1, 2 -Dichloroethane 3. 0 25 Selenium 10 15 Epichlorohydrin 0. 1 26 Tetrachloroethene and Trichloroethene 10 27 Trihalomethanes – Total 100 28 Vinyl chloride 0. 5 Fluoride (a) fluoridated supplies 16 Fluoride (b) naturally occurring fluoride, not needing further fluoridation 1. 0 mg/l 0. 8 mg/l 1. 5 mg/l 17

Legislation 24 Table B Chemical Parameters Ensure Quality (Regulation 4) No. Parameter Value (μg/l) 3 Acrylamide 0. 10 4 Antimony 5. 0 5 Arsenic 10 6 Benzene 1. 0 7 Benzo(a)pyrene 0. 01 No. Parameter 1. 0 mg/l No. Parameter Lead – to 24/12/13 25 Lead – from 25/12/13 10 18 Mercury 1. 0 19 Nickel 20 20 Nitrate 17 8 Boron 9 Bromate 10 Cadmium 5. 0 21 Nitrite 11 Chromium 50 22 Pesticides 12 Copper 10 Value (μg/l) 50 mg/l Lead – until 24 th 2. 0 mg/l December 2013 23 Pesticides Total 50 24 PAH 17 Cyanide 14 1, 2 -Dichloroethane 3. 0 25 Selenium th Lead – from 25 December 2013 15 Epichlorohydrin 0. 1 0. 5 mg/l 25 13 Fluoride (a) fluoridated supplies 16 Fluoride (b) naturally occurring fluoride, not needing further fluoridation 0. 8 mg/l 1. 5 mg/l 0. 1 0. 5 0. 1 10 10 26 Tetrachloroethene and Trichloroethene 10 27 Trihalomethanes – Total 100 28 Vinyl chloride 0. 5

Legislation 25 Table B Chemical Parameters Ensure Quality (Regulation 4) No. Parameter Value (μg/l) 3 Acrylamide 0. 10 4 Antimony 5. 0 5 Arsenic 10 No. Benzene 6 7 Benzo(a)pyrene 8 Boron 9 Bromate 10 Parameter 1. 0 0. 01 1. 0 mg/l 10 No. Parameter Value (μg/l) Lead – to 24/12/13 25 Lead – from 25/12/13 10 17 Value (μg/l) 1. 0 18 Mercury 19 Nickel 20 20 Nitrate 50 mg/l 27 Cadmium. Trihalomethanes - Total 21 5. 0 Nitrite 100 0. 5 mg/l 50 22 Pesticides 0. 1 Copper 2. 0 mg/l 23 Pesticides Total 0. 5 13 Cyanide 50 24 PAH 0. 1 14 1, 2 -Dichloroethane 3. 0 25 Selenium 10 15 Epichlorohydrin 0. 1 26 Tetrachloroethene and Trichloroethene 10 27 Trihalomethanes – Total 100 28 Vinyl chloride 0. 5 11 Chromium 12 Fluoride (a) fluoridated supplies 16 Fluoride (b) naturally occurring fluoride, not needing further fluoridation 0. 8 mg/l 1. 5 mg/l

Legislation 26 Table C Indicator Parameters Ensure Quality (Regulation 4) No. Parameter Value 29 Aluminium 200 μg/l 39 Oxidisability 5 mg/l. O 2 30 Ammonium 0. 3 mg/l 40 Sulphate 250 mg/l 31 Chloride 250 mg/l 41 Sodium 200 mg/l 32 Clostridium perfringens 33 Colour Zero No. /100 ml Acceptable to consumers & no abnormal change 42 Taste 2500 μS/cm @ 20 o. C 43 Colony count 22 o. C 44 Coliform bacteria 45 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 34 Conductivity 35 Hydrogen Ion Concentration 36 Iron 200 μg/l 37 Manganese 50 μg/l 38 Odour ≥ 6. 5 & ≤ 9. 5 Acceptable to consumers & no abnormal change 46 Turbidity Acceptable to consumers & no abnormal change No abnormal change Zero no. /100 ml No abnormal change Acceptable to consumers & no abnormal change

Legislation 27 Table C Indicator Parameters Ensure Quality (Regulation 4) No. Parameter Value 29 Aluminium 200 μg/l 39 Oxidisability 5 mg/l. O 2 30 Ammonium 0. 3 mg/l 40 Sulphate 250 mg/l 31 Chloride 41 Sodium 32 Clostridium perfringens No. 250 mg/l Parameter Value 200 mg/l Zero No. /100 ml Acceptable to consumers & no abnormal change 33 Colour 33 Acceptable to consumers & no abnormal change 42 Taste Odour 34 38 Conductivity 2500 μS/cm @ 20 o. C 43 Colony count 22 o. C 44 Coliform bacteria 45 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 35 36 37 Hydrogen Ion Concentration 42 Iron Taste Manganese 46 Odour Turbidity 38 ≥ 6. 5 & ≤ 9. 5 200 μg/l Acceptable to consumers Zero no. /100 ml & no abnormal change 50 μg/l Acceptable to consumers & no abnormal change 46 No abnormal change Turbidity No abnormal change Acceptable to consumers & no abnormal change

Focus Shift Quality Quantity 28 Quality Quantity

Quality Issues Factors Influencing Microbial Change in Water Distribution Systems 29

Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual 30

Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual EPA Guidance on Chlorination l All water entering distribution systems should be disinfected l Treated water should contain chlorine residual of 0. 5 mg/L for 30 mins contact time prior to supply l Residual should be monitored before entering distribution l Maintain residual of at least 0. 1 mg/L at the extremity of the network 31

Quality Issues Loss of Disinfection Residual l Rate of Loss l Up to 50% lost during primary disinfection (first few hours) l Rate of loss thereafter reduces significantly and depends on: - Temperature - Reactivity of organic carbon in water - Reactivity of Pipe wall – “wall demand” l Half life after primary disinfection can vary from several days to several weeks but can reduce to several hours with high demand. 32

Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual Mitigation l Use chloramines for secondary disinfection – longer lasting l Pipe flushing, relining or replacement to reduce “wall demand” l Reduce residence times in storage. l Install booster chlorination facilities l Reduce total level of organic carbon in treatment process. 33

Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual l Growth of Disinfection By-products 34

35 Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual l Growth of Disinfection By-products • Reaction of chlorine with naturally occuring organic matter • Most common by-products are Trihalomethanes carcinogens) • Amount of THM production depends on: - p. H Temperature Chlorine dose Amount of organic precursor Reaction time (potential

Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual l Growth of Disinfection By-products Prevention l Remove organic precursors during treatment l Change disinfectant (Chloramines) l Reduce water age in distribution system (quicker turnover) 36

Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual l Growth of Disinfection By-products l Corrosion / dissolution 37

Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual l Growth of Disinfection By-products l Corrosion / dissolution Contributing Factors l l l Flow – Stagnant conditions promote tuberculation and pitting in iron pipes. Temp - Rate of corrosion increases with incresing temperature p. H Lower p. H promotes corrosion. DO Oxygen promotes corrsion of ferrous metal forming tubercules and “red water” TDS Increases conductivity promoting electrochemicl corrosion Bacteria in bioflim can create local changes in p. H and DO. 38

Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual l Growth of Disinfection By-products l Corrosion / dissolution Indicator - Langelier Saturation Index LSI = p. H - p. Hs LSI > 0 Water is supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate (Ca. CO 3) and scale forming may occur. 39

40 Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual l Growth of Disinfection By-products l Corrosion / dissolution Control l Make water less corrosive l Lay down protective lining on pipe wall - l Replace pipe with pipe less prone to corrosion. - p. H adjustment most common (Typically 8. 0 to 8. 5). p. H adjustment or Phosphate addition

Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual l Growth of Disinfection By-products l Corrosion / dissolution l Growth of Biofilms 41

42 Quality Issues l l Loss of Disinfection Residual Promotion l Growth depends on nutrient avalability Growth of Disinfection By-products (TOC) Corrosion / dissolution l High temperatures (>15 o. C) promote greater bacterial activity Growth of Biofilms l Corroded pipes support film development l Low disinfecion residual l Low / stagnant flow

43 Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual Reduction l l Reduce nutrient avalability during treatment Growth of Disinfection By-products (reduce TOC) l Corrosion / dissolution l Growth of Biofilms l Optimise disinfectant dosage / booster chlorination l Flushing l Corrosion control l Mains rehabilitation or replacement

Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual l Growth of Dinisfection By-products l Corrosion / dissolution l Growth of Biofilms l Cross connections and backflow 44

Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual l Growth of Dinisfection By-products l Corrosion / dissolution l Growth of Biofilms l Cross connections and backflow 45 Backsiphoning Backflow when pressure in main drops (e. g. Surge, excessive flows, pipe bursts, flushing) Backpressure Backflow when pressure on contamonation side increases (e. g. pressurised heating/cooling systems, industrial systems.

Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual l Growth of Dinisfection By-products l Corrosion / dissolution l Growth of Biofilms l Cross connections and backflow l Stagnation – Dead Ends 46

Quality Issues l Loss of Disinfection Residual l Growth of Dinisfection By-products l Corrosion / dissolution l Growth of Biofilms l Cross connections and backflow l Stagnation – Dead Ends l Milky Water 47

Water Conservation Water Distribution Network Management and Leakage Control 48

Water Conservation Water Distribution Network Management and Leakage Control Passive V’s Active 49

Water Conservation Stage Element 50 Central Funding Level Stage 1 Implementation of Water Management Systems 100% (records 90%) Stage 2 Active Leakage Control 100% limited Stage 3 Rehabilitation 90% Strategic Plans 90%

Water Conservation 51 Dublin Regional Water Conservation Project Total Savings 7. 9 Ml/day l Pipe Rehabilitation - 2. 1 Ml/day l Pressure Management - 2. 4 Ml/day l DMA Optimisation/Metering - 3. 4 Ml/day

Water Conservation 52 Asset Data Examples of Raw Data Held • Customer demand (billing information) • Customer complaints • Customer meter locations • Customer surveys • Demand surveys • Facilities failures • Flow and pressure measurements • Inspectors' site reports • Mains and facilities record drawings • Measured leakage and other non revenue water uses and wastage • Meter maintenance/audits • Number of shut valves and operations • Network maintenance reports • Network performance by location • Records of repairs and rehabilitation • Pipe sampling (e. g. cut outs) • Staff training records • Water quality samples by location Systems and processes used to collate and interpolate data • • • Asset data support Burst records/deterioration models District Meter Area monitoring Distribution 0 peration Maintenance Strategies Emergency plans Geographic Information Systems Health & Safety records Hydraulic, surge and water quality modelling Information and models from other utilities Job scheduling Leak management

Water Conservation Asset Data 2 + 2 = 4 5 + 3 = 8 x + y = ? 53

Unaccounted For Water UFW = Water produced – Water Consumed Made up of: • • • Leakage Incorrect meter readings Illegal connections Illegal or unknown use Waste of water • Taps left open • Household losses • Bad plumbing • Tanks over flowing 54

Unaccounted For Water Scheme A Scenario 1: 55 Scenario 2: 2: 3: 20 km of mains 1000 properties Reduce UFW by half New Large Non. Domestic Usage Scenario 3: New Large Non. Domestic Usage AFW 200 m 3/day 200800 m 3/day 800 m 3/day UFW 800 m 3/day 400800 m 3/day 800 m 3/day 1, 000 m 3/day 600 1, 600 m 3/day 1, 600 m 3/day 80 % 33 l/conn/hr l/km/hr Into Supply UFW Expressions 1, 667 6767 50 %%% 50 % 1717 33 l/conn/hr 33 l/conn/hr 833 1, 667 l/km/hr 1, 667 l/km/hr

Leakage 56 | WWW. BENTLEY. COM 56

Leakage 57 | WWW. BENTLEY. COM 57

Leakage 58 | WWW. BENTLEY. COM 58

Leakage 59 | WWW. BENTLEY. COM 59

Leakage 60 | WWW. BENTLEY. COM 60

Leakage 61 Leakage Control

Leakage 62 Economic Level of Leakage (ELL): Typical SRELL 400 350 Euro NPV ('000) 300 Value of water lost ALC Costs 250 Total Costs 200 BLL 150 ELL 100 50 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Target Leakage (m 3/km/d)

Rehabilitation 63

Rehabilitation 64 Lead Common Services

Rehabilitation Lead Common Services 65

Rehabilitation Replacing Lead Common Services 66

Key Message Good data is key to sound investment decisions It is more cost effective to actively manage than to passively manage Need to manage Water Quality risks associated with the distribution network. 67

68 Thank You Q’s