The Jefferson Era The Election of 1800 John

The Jefferson Era

The Election of 1800 • John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson • At the time, the Constitution stated that electors were to cast 2 ballots without indicating which one was for president and which one was for vice president. • The candidate with the majority of votes became president, and the candidate with the next-largest number of votes became vice president.

The Election of 1800 • The Democratic-Republicans had planned to vote for Jefferson and his running mate Aaron Burr. • One of the electors was instructed to abstain from casting his second vote for Aaron Burr, which would have allowed Jefferson to have one more electoral vote than Burr. • The plan was mishandled though, and each elector voted for both Jefferson and also Burr. • The result was a tie between Jefferson and Burr.

The Election of 1800 • Because of the tie, the House of Representatives had to decide the election. • In the House, Federalists tried to keep Jefferson from becoming president by supporting Burr. • For 35 ballots, the election remained tied. • Finally, on the 36 th ballot, one Federalist decided not to vote for Burr. Jefferson had finally won. • Clip

The 12 th Amendment • As a result of the 1800 election, Congress passed the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution in 1803. • The Twelfth Amendment states that electors in the Electoral College must cast one of their votes for president and the other for vice president.

Thomas Jefferson – 3 rd President of the United States • Born in Virginia • Founding Father • Author of the Declaration of Independence • Governor of Virginia • First U. S. Secretary of State • Organized the Democratic. Republican Party • 2 nd Vice President of the U. S. • Clip

Jefferson as President • As President, Jefferson reduced the national debt and cut down on military expenses. • His government got rid of federal taxes. They only collected taxes on imported goods. • Under Jefferson, the government’s income came from customs duties and the sale of western lands.

Marbury vs. Madison • In the months leading up to Jefferson’s inauguration, Adams appointed William Marbury as justice of the peace for the District of Columbia. • When Marbury did not receive his commission, he asked the Supreme Court to force its delivery. • The court said it did not have the jurisdiction to do so. • The result was the case Marbury vs. Madison.

Marbury vs. Madison • Marbury vs. Madison established three principles of judicial review: • 1. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. • 2. The Constitution must be followed when there is a conflict with any other law. • 3. The judicial branch can declare laws unconstitutional.

The Haitian Revolution • Inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution, Toussant L’Ouverture led enslaved Africans and other laborers in a revolt on the French colony of Saint Domingue. • After fierce fighting, the rebels won and declared the colony an independent republic. • The new country became known as Haiti. • The Haitian Revolution is the only slave revolt which led to the founding of a state (or nation).

The Louisiana Purchase • At the beginning of Jefferson’s presidency, the territory of the United States extended only to the Mississippi River. • The territory west of that – Louisiana – belonged to Spain. • In 1802, Spain transferred the territory to France. • Jefferson became worried that the French leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, might try to create an empire in America.

The Louisiana Purchase -1803 • When France offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million, the United States quickly accepted the offer. • Jefferson worried the purchase might not be legal as the Constitution said nothing about acquiring new territory. • The Senate approved the purchase in October 1803. • The purchase of the Louisiana Territory doubled the size of

The Lewis and Clark Expedition • Americans knew little about the land west of the Mississippi, and Jefferson wanted to learn about the territory he had just acquired. • He persuaded Congress to sponsor an expedition to gather information on the new land. • The expedition would document the territory’s people, plants, and animals. • The expedition also hoped to find the fabled Northwest Passage, a water route across North America.

Lewis and Clark • Jefferson chose Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to head the expedition of the newly acquired Louisiana Territory. • Together, Lewis and Clark assembled a crew of expert sailors, gunsmiths, carpenters, scouts, and a cook. Two men served as interpreters. • The began their expedition in St. Louis in the spring of 1804.

Lewis and Clark / Sacagewea • Along the way, the Lewis and Clark expedition encountered many Native American groups. • A Shoshone woman named Sacagewea joined the group as a guide. • After 18 months and nearly 4, 000 miles, Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific Ocean. • They finally made it back east in September of 1806. • Their journey inspired many people to move westward. • Clip - America the Story of Us

Lewis and Clark Assignment – worth 25 points • Using the timeline that you have been provided, you need to create an illustrated map of Lewis and Clark’s expedition. • Specifically, you need to trace Lewis and Clark’s voyage, and illustrate various events (at least 10) that happened along the way. • Some events you may want to include are: the starting point of the voyage, entering the Great Plains, encountering the Natives, employing Sacagawea as a guide, the birth of Sacagawea’s son, and reaching the Pacific Ocean. • I will be grading as follows: • • Ten Events – 1 point each Accuracy of Content – 5 points Color – 5 points Creativity – 5 points

Pike’s Expedition • Lewis and Clark were not the only people Jefferson sent to explore the wilderness. • Lieutenant Zebulon Pike led two expeditions west between 1805 and 1807. • From Pike’s travels, he learned about the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. • In Colorado, Pike found a snowcapped mountain that we now call Pike’s Peak.

The Burr-Hamilton Duel • The Burr-Hamilton Duel arose from a long-standing animosity between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton. • Burr and Hamilton had opposing political beliefs, and were fierce rivals. • In 1804, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel. • The duel took place in Weehawken, NJ, and it resulted in the death of Alexander Hamilton. • Burr was charged with murder, but was never tried. The charges were eventually dropped. • Clip

Burr-Hamilton Duel Assignment – worth 20 points • For this assignment, you are to pretend that you witnessed the duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton and create a 1 -page written account of the event. Your account can be in any of the following formats: news story, poem, rap, diary entry, or letter. • In the account, you need to mention the circumstances that led to the duel, and you will also need to mention the facts relating to the duel itself. • I will be grading as follows: • • Accuracy of Content – 5 points Effort – 5 points Followed Instructions – 5 points Creativity – 5 points

Barbary Pirates • During Jefferson’s presidency, pirates from the Barbary States of North Africa terrorized European ships sailing on the Mediterranean Sea. • The pirates demanded that governments pay tribute to allow their country’s ships to pass safely. • If tribute was not paid, the pirates attacked and took

First Barbary War (1801 -1805) • The Barbary States also demanded that the United States pay tribute. • When President Jefferson refused to pay tribute, the Barbary States declared war on the United States. • In response, Jefferson sent ships to blockade Tripoli (on the coast of North Africa). • The First Barbary War ended with an American

The Election of 1808 • James Madison vs. Charles Pinckney • Madison was Democratic-Republican. Pinckney was Federalist. • Madison won the presidency with 122 electoral votes. Pinckney received just 47 votes.

James Madison – 4 th President of the United States • Born in Virginia • Author of the Virginia Plan • Father of the Constitution • Father of the Bill of Rights • Congressman (1789 -1797) • Organized the Democratic. Republican Party • Secretary of State (18011809) • Clip

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) • The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought between the United States and the Shawnee tribe over Shawnee opposition to American expansion. • The Shawnee’s leader was Tecumseh. • While Tecumseh was away, the U. S. forces attacked. • The Americans, led by William Henry Harrison, won at Tippecanoe, but the battle convinced the Shawnee that they should create an alliance

The War of 1812 - Causes • In the early 1800 s, Britain and France were once again at war. • This led to various trade restrictions between the U. S. and both Britain and France. • In addition, the British began practicing impressment by stopping American ships and forcing American sailors to join the Royal Navy. • The British also began supporting behind Native American tribes who were against American expansion.

The War of 1812 • The war began in June 1812. • The United States was unprepared. Many had underestimated the power of the British and their Native allies. • The war was fought on 3 principal theatres: • At sea • The American-Canadian frontier • The American South / Gulf

The War of 1812 – Major Battles / Events • The British blockade the coast (1812) • Americans defeat the British on Lake Erie (1813) • Americans defeat the British at the Battle of Thames (1813) • The British burn Washington, D. C. (1814) • The Americans re-capture Washington, D. C. , and defeat the British at Ft. Mc. Henry (1814) • Americans win the Battle of Champlain (1814) • General Andrew Jackson defeats the British at New Orleans (1815)

The Burning of Washington • In August 1814, the British sailed into Chesapeake Bay and launched an attack on Washington, D. C. • The British quickly overpowered the American militia, and marched into the capital. • They proceeded to burn everything connected to the government, including the Capitol and the president’s mansion. • While the presidential mansion was being evacuated, First Lady Dolley Madison is credited with ordering that the portrait of George Washington be removed to a safe location.

The Star Spangled Banner • The British did not try to hold Washington, D. C. Instead, they headed to Baltimore. • In Baltimore, a determined American defense force at Ft. Mc. Henry was able to keep the British from entering the city. • As bombs burst over Ft. Mc. Henry that night, a local attorney Francis Scott Key watched. • When he saw the American flag still flying over the for the next morning, he was inspired to write a poem called “The Star Spangled Banner. ” • Since 1931, “The Star Spangled Banner” has been our national anthem.

Create your own National Anthem • For this assignment, you are to apply your knowledge of the Star Spangled Banner to create your own national anthem. Your anthem should come in the form of a poem, although the poem does not necessarily have to rhyme. • Your anthem needs to have a name, and it should consist of at least 4 verses. Your anthem should express what the United States means to you. • I will be grading as follows: • Creativity – 5 points • 4 Verses – 5 points each

One Final Battle – The Battle of New Orleans • One final, ferocious battle occurred before word of the treaty reached the United States. • On January 8, 1815, the British advanced on New Orleans. • Waiting for them were Andrew Jackson and his troops. • The advancing British provided easy targets for the American troops. • In a short but gruesome battle, hundreds of British soldiers were killed. • The Battle of New Orleans ended with a decisive American victory, and it made Andrew Jackson a national hero.

The End of the War • By late 1814, the British realized the war in America was too costly and unnecessary. • In December 1814, representatives from both nations met to sign a peace agreement called the Treaty of Ghent. • Although there were no boundary changes, the War of 1812 gave Americans a new sense of patriotism. • The young nation also gained