ELECTION OF 1800 Jefferson and Aaron Burr tie

ELECTION OF 1800 -Jefferson and Aaron Burr tie for President (vs. Adams/Pinckney) -both are Democratic-Republicans -Tie broken in Jefferson’s favor • Hamilton convinces House to vote for Jefferson - Future problems avoided with 12 th Amendment • "Revolution of 1800" -- significant for its unprecedented democratic peaceful transfer of power • First party overturn in the history of the country Significance: demonstrated the efficacy of a two-party system Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

ELECTION OF 1800 - laissez-faire government • Jefferson promises a small gov. with a hands-off approach • Wants to reduce size of federal government • Inaugural speech: • Attempt to heal rift between parties. • Vowed to maintain Washington’s policy of non-entangling alliances “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle, …We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. ” ~Thomas Jefferson’s 1 st Inaugural

Jefferson’s Policies • Jefferson surprisingly kept most of Hamilton's financial plan intact • Kept the Hamiltonian system intact • As president, Jefferson was more of a pragmatist than an idealist • Jefferson did reverse certain Federalist policies • Pardoned some still serving time for Alien and Sedition act and government returned fines. • Return to 5 year requirement for citizenship • Parts of A&S acts that were still in effect were now removed. • Persuaded Congress to repeal Hamilton’s excise taxes "The government that governs least, governs best. "

John Marshall l Appointed as Chief Justice during last days of Adams' term. l Most important chief justice in US history; served about 34 years l Maintained Federalist principles in his decisions even after the Federalist party was dead (after 1816).

JUDICIAL REVIEW • • Judiciary Act of 1801 Federalists created 16 new judgeships and other judicial offices (Midnight Judges) Will be repealed in 1802) • Jefferson refused to recognized judges and accused federalists of packing the courts. John Adams & William Marbury (Federalists) • Didn’t force Madison to deliver appointment to Marbury • Marbury sues Madison to get Court to enforce appointment Marbury v. Madison • Marshall knew Jefferson administration would not enforce a writ by the Court to deliver the commission to Marbury. • Case was dismissed, thus avoiding a direct political showdown between the Supreme Court and the Executive branch. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (Secretary of State) (Democratic Republicans)

JUDICIAL REVIEW Chief Justice John Marshall • Marshall ruled against Marbury, saying the Court cannot make orders to Executive Branch • Marshall ruled that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, upon which Marbury had based his appeal, was unconstitutional by giving the Court the right to enforce appointments (only the executive branch can enforce the law) • Establishes principle of Judicial Review Court can declare laws to be unconstitutional • Power of Supreme Court greatly enhanced

• Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Jefferson sent James Monroe & Robert Livingston to France to buy New Orleans and as much land to the east in Florida as possible for $10 million. • Napoleon instead offers them all of Louisiana for 15 Million (3 cents an acre) • Advisors urged Jefferson to act now before Napoleon changed his mind. • Jefferson accepted treaty, reluctantly • • As a strict constructionist, he believed the Constitution did not authorize the president to negotiate treaties incorporating huge new lands into the U. S. Ironically Federalist opposed, and argued for strict constitutionalism, (afraid new area would favor Dem/Rep) • Jefferson bought Louisiana from France for $15 million • Doubled the size of the U. S. , as well as the national debt

Lewis and Clark Expedition - To explore the Louisiana Purchase • Main purposes were to find a Northwest water route to Pacific and to study resources on land (1804 -1806) - Meriwether Lewis & William Clark appointed to explore the region (Corps of Discovery) Sacajawea Native woman who helped Lewis and Clark by serving as a tracker, translator, and guide Expedition bolstered U. S. claim to Oregon; further opened West to Indian trade and exploration.

Thomas Jefferson’s popularity during his first term in office got him reelected by an overwhelming majority in the Election of 1804.

FOREIGN AFFAIRS -US neutrality between Britain and France? ? ? Needed trade with both sides • Jay’s Treaty expired Impressment of American sailors into the Royal British Navy • War among European nations -British began impressment of sailors • Making American sailors fight for the British Navy • British attack U. S. ship

“It has paralyzed industry…Our fertile lands are reduced to sterility. It will drive our seamen into foreign employ, and our fisherman to foreign sandbanks…It has dried up our revenue. ” ~Philip Key, Congressmen FOREIGN AFFAIRS -Jefferson gets Embargo Act passed to cut off trade; hurts U. S. business more than Europe • Angry about attacking American ships; will not trade with anyone • Ruins Jefferson’s presidency • Congress repealed in 1809 -War Hawks emerge • Want to begin war with British • Henry Clay/John C. Calhoun “Mr. President, if you know what is good for your future welfare you will take off the embargo that is now such a check upon American commerce…” ~New England merchant, 1808 Possibility of gaining lands Revenge for helping Indians

l l l Burr ran for president in 1796 and 1800 but did not win Federalists wanted Hamilton to run for governor of NY in 1804, but he refused. They then asked Burr to run (he had been dropped by Jefferson as VP) but Burr lost. l Hamilton had supported Burr’s opponent and made disparaging comments about Burr saying he was a dangerous man and not to be trusted. Burr found out promptly challenged him to a duel Hamilton won first shot but fired into the air (on purpose? ) – Burr shot him and Hamilton died the next day. Burr charged with murder and forced to flee, his political career in ruins he fled to South Carolina.